136. The breakout to the Long March occurred on Oct. 16, 1934. Radio contact with the Comintern had already been lost the month before. Wilson, Long March; Yang, From Revolution to Politics; Shuyun, Long March; Braun, Kitaiskie zapiski. The Japanese had demolished Chinese Communist organizations in Manchuria by 1934. Lee, Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria, 231; in Krymov, “Istoricheskie portrety,” 65–6.
137. Kosheleva, Pis’ma Stalina Molotovu, 252–3 (Aug. 5, 1935). Trotsky predicted from exile that the gathering would “pass into history as the liquidation congress.” Biulleten’ oppozitsii, no. 46 (Dec. 1935): 12.
138. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 18, l. 110. Kaganovich and Yezhov telegrammed from Moscow that they had spoken to Pyatnitsky and Knorin, both of whom were being moved out of the Comintern. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 523 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 88, l. 9: Aug. 14, 1935), 523 (l. 9: Aug. 15), 523 n1 (f. 17, op. 3, d. 970, l. 42: Aug. 16).
139. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 141–3 (TsA FSB, ASD P-4497, t. 1, s. 24, ASD p-4574, t. 1, l. 31: Baumanis). Kaganovich’s profile had risen higher still thanks to the successful metro construction. He would receive a thunderous ovation at the Central Committee plenum in Dec. 1935. After a Dec. 1936 banquet for the wives of engineers, Galina Shtange would write in her diary that Kaganovich was simple, expressive, and handsome, with “above all, enormous serenity and intelligence, then firmness of purpose and an unyielding will; but when he smiles, his basic goodness shows through.” Garros et al., Intimacy and Terror, 184.
140. Pravda, Aug. 21, 1935.
141. Bullitt had conveyed the same warning to Litvinov. FRUS, The Soviet Union, 1933–1939, 111, 131, 156–7, 221–3. U.S. complaints were already frequent about Soviet violations of the no-domestic-interference clause. The Nov. 16, 1933, agreement on noninterference in internal affairs did not specifically mention the Comintern, but the Soviet government had promised “not to permit the formation or residence on its territory of any organization or group—and to prevent the activity on its territory of any organization or group, or of representatives of any organization or group—which has as an aim the overthrow or the preparation for an overthrow of, or the bringing about by force of a change in, the political or social order of the whole or any part of the United States.” FRUS, The Soviet Union, 1933–1939, 29. Louis Fischer, who on July 2, 1935, had passed to Bullitt the probable dates of the Comintern Congress, lobbied him not to protest, given the spread of fascism in Europe and the Comintern’s intention to take up the question of how to stop it. Fischer, Autobiography, 305; Bennett, Search for Security, 63.
142. VII Congress of the Communist International, 83–8, 245–8; Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 41 (citing Bullitt to Washington, Aug. 21, 1935).
143. From Washington, Troyanovsky wrote that the Aug. 25 note could be seen as a threat of war. On Aug. 27, Krestinsky handed Bullitt a response (approved by Stalin) maintaining that the Americans had not cited one fact of the supposed interference in their domestic affairs. In a new telegram to Washington, Bullitt additionally recommended expulsion of the Soviet military navy and air attachés. FRUS, The Soviet Union, 1933–1939, 242–3, 249, 250 (Bullitt to Hull); DVP SSSR, XVIII: 474, 476–7; Sevost’ianov, “Obostreniie sovetsko-amerikanskikh otnoshenii,” 27 (citing APRF, f. 05, op. 15, pap. 113, d. 126, l. 85, 1, 11); Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 149 (citing National Archives, 711.61/541: Bullitt to Hull, Aug. 29, 1935); Bishop, Roosevelt-Litvinov Agreements, 50; Hull, Memoirs, I: 305.
144. DVP SSSR, XVIII: 507 (letter to Warsaw, B. G. Podolsky, Sept. 8, 1935).
145. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 532–3 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 88, l. 87, 88–91: Aug. 25, 1935), 534–5 (l. 81–3: Aug. 26), 535 (l. 81: Aug. 27), 536–7 (l. 110–110ob.: Aug. 27), 546 (d. 89, l. 4, 5–8: Sept. 2); Khromov, Po stranitsam, 205. Soviet press accounts were restrained: Pravda and Izvestiia, Aug. 28 and Sept. 3, 1935.
146. G.N. Sevost’ianov, “Sud’ba soglasheniia Ruzvel’t—Litvinov o dolgakh i kreditakh”; Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 27–43; Browder, Origins of Soviet-American Diplomacy, 204–13.
