Stalin полностью

6. The perspicacious British envoy Chilston observed “bitter disappointment” in Moscow over Munich, noting that the Kremlin “would like more than ever to pursue a policy of isolation if they could safely do so, [but] realize that, after Munich, they can afford to risk isolation even less than they could before.” Neilson, Britain, Soviet Russia, 257 (citing Chilston to FO, disp. 442 Oct. 18, 1938, FO 371/22289/N5164/97/38: minute, Collier, Oct. 28, 1938).

7. Edwards, British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 130 (July 5, 1938).

8. George Kennan, “The War Problem of the Soviet Union” (March 1935), George F. Kennan Papers, Box 1, Mudd Library, Princeton University, reprinted in Hochman, Failure of Collective Security, 176–83 (at 176).

9. One group of analysts has argued that he began with a genuine commitment to achieve “collective security” with the West, only to sour on this option as a result of Anglo-French behavior. Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security. Diametrically opposed, another group of analysts has insisted Stalin was bent all along on a deal with Hitler. Hochman, Failure of Collective Security. Stalin pursued both options. What neither group fully appreciated was the extent to which he was not the driver of events.

10. The British especially had looked to non-Nazi members of the German cabinet such as Baron von Neurath (foreign minister), General von Blomberg (war minister), and Hjalmar Schacht (economics minister), all of whom were gone by 1938. Then the British elevated Göring to the role of presumed restraining influence on the Nazi “wild” men around Hitler. Watt, “British Intelligence,” 249.

11. Bond, Chief of Staff, I: 155–6 (Aug. 8, 1938).

12. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence, I: 47, 68, 80.

13. Hitler, because of its association with Bolshevism, had rejected the term “dictator” and preferred to be known as the Führer of the German race, viewing democracy, dictatorship, and Judentum as of a piece. Nolte, “Diktatur,” I: 922; Schmitt, Die Diktatur; Cobban, Dictatorship. Baehr, “Dictatorship.”

14. Krivitskii, “Iz vospominaniia sovetskogo kommunista.”

15. In 1933, Hitler had arranged that all private documents concerning his childhood and youth were confiscated. These would be destroyed in April 1945. Ullrich, Hitler: Ascent, 17.

16. Ryback, Hitler’s Private Library. Some 1,200 volumes of Hitler’s 16,000-volume library are in the Library of Congress.

17. Hitler had met Mari Reiter, a pretty blonde, in Berchtesgaden in fall 1926; he was thirty-seven, she was sixteen. Her father was a founding member of the local Social Democrat Party and she ran a clothing shop. He called her “my dear child”; she called him Wolf. Their intimacy was episodic. Hitler met Eva Braun in Hoffmann’s Munich studio. He was then forty; she was seventeen, middle-class, pretty. He took her for sausages and beer under a false name (Herr Wolf), but initially she rebuffed him. Hitler’s main affections were directed at his niece, Geli Raubal, a girl with dark, wavy brown hair who resided in his Munich apartment, but in Sept. 1931 she was found dead there, shot with a revolver, and scandal rocked Munich. But Hitler was absent from the city that day. Geli’s demise proved Eva’s opening: in fall 1932, still living in Munich but despairing over her infrequent access to Hitler, she shot herself with her father’s pistol, but survived. She tried and failed to kill herself again in 1935. By early 1936, she and Hitler had become a regular, if non-public unmarried couple. At the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, the company was almost all male, but at the Berghof alpine sanctuary, Hitler had afforded Eva a private apartment, next to his bedroom, and she presided as mistress of the retreat, present at meals (seated to his left) and at his ramblings on race and global conquest. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 353; Görtemaker, Eva Braun.

18. Speer, Erinnerungen, 116.

19. Ullrich, Hitler: Ascent, 380–411; Hanfstaengl, Zwischen Weissem und Braunem Haus, 165; Speer, Spandauer Tagebücher, 523; Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Liste, 362; Ribbentrop, Zwischen London und Moskau, 48.

20. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 140, 154. When films were shown, bodyguards and some of the female staff were admitted.

21. Fröhlich, Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, II/ii: 251 (March 29, 1932).

22. Neumann, Behemoth; Hayes, “Polycracy and Policy,” 190–210; Broszat, Hitler State; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers. See also Trevor-Roper, Last Days of Hitler, 54; and Overy, Göring, 4.