276. Despite failing to obtain approval, Gorky Factory No. 92 began producing the superior 76.2-mm F-34 guns, and they ended up being available for inclusion on the tank. Zaloga and Grandsen, Soviet Tanks, 130.
277. Mel’tiukhov, Upushchennyi shans Stalina, 600.
278. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 606, 658–59; Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraphs 670, 784; Rybalkin, Operatisia “X,” 118. In 1937, Italian aviation also stalled (industry could not build reliable motors above 1,000 horsepower). Maiolo, Cry Havoc, 199. The Soviets had captured a Messerschmitt Bf 109, which they discovered was superior to the Soviet Il-16. This would prompt a scramble to upgrade the latter with fourteen-cylinder, two-row radial engines, but that would take time.
279. Iakovlev, Tsel’ zhizni (6th ed.), 166–7. The meeting in the Little Corner may have been Aug. 5, 1940: Na prieme, 308.
280. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 24, citing APRF, f. 56, op. 1, d. 298, l. 29–32 (Stalin-Ritter, Feb. 8, 1940) and AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 315, d. 2174, l. 153–4 (Shkvartsev, March 5, 1940); APRF, f. 3, op. 64, d. 688, l. 58–64 (Mikoyan Schulenburg, April 5, 1940), l. 72–8 (Mikoyan meeting Hilger, April 21, 1940); Sipols, “Torgovo-ekonomicheskie otnosheniia mezhdu SSSR.” See also Hilger and Meyer, Incompatible Allies, 317.
281. Ericson, Feeding the German Eagle, 202: table 3.2; Musial, Stalins Beutezug, 28–9.
282. Ericson, Feeding the German Eagle, 205: (table 3.5, 210: table 5.1.
283. “Zimniaia voina”: rabota nad oshibkami, 215–43.
284. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 296 (citing RGVA, f. 9, op. 36, d. 4252, l. 160); van Dyke, “Legko otdelalis’,” 115.
285. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 317–24.
286. Erickson, Soviet High Command, 555. Timoshenko got an apartment in the turn-of-the-century building on the former Romanov Way, renamed Granovsky Street, which was the most prestigious address for those living outside the Kremlin; this is where Mikhail Frunze had lived when he became defense commissar. Budyonny had his apartment here as did the functionaries Yaroslavsky, Malyshev, and Khrushchev. This is where Trotsky was exiled from.
287. See also Mikoian, Tak bylo, 386.
288. Kira was evidently seized on May 5, 1940, by a squad overseen by Merkulov; she was executed by Blokhin without indictment or trial. “Beria protiv Kulika,” in Bobrenev and Riazantsev, Palachi i zhertvy, 197–264 (esp. 195–201, 211–3); Sokolov, Istreblennye marshaly, 300–1; Leskov, Stalin i zagovor Tukhachevskogo, 53–5; Montefiore, Court of the Red Tsar, 293–4.
289. DGFP, series D, VIII: 942; Erickson, Soviet High Command, 508, 553.
290. One scholar gives the reason as Stalin’s desire to show the world that the lessons of the Finnish War had been absorbed by replacing both the defense commissar and chief of staff, even though Stalin acknowledged that Shaposhnikov had gotten the war right. Balandin, Marshal Shaposhnikov, 317–23.
291. Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 717.
292. Komandnyi i nachal’stvuiushchii sostav Krasnoi Armii, 4–14; Kirshin, Dukhovnaia gotovnost’ Sovetskogo naroda k voine, 379; van Dyke, Soviet Invasion, 198–9; Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, II/i: 63–4.
293. Osokina, Za fasadom, 206–18; Khanin, Ekonomicheskaia istoriia Rossii, I: 29.
294. Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 13–49.
295. Kuznetsov, Krutye povoroty, 37.
296. Zhukov, Vospominaniia, II: 283–7. Zhukov recalls Kalinin being present. The logbook lists Zhukov on June 2, 1939, only in the presence of Molotov and Stalin, and on June 3 in the presence of twenty-five people, almost all military men, but not Kalinin. Kalinin and Zhukov both appear on June 13, but not at overlapping times. Na prieme, 300–1, 302–3.
297. Already by May 1940, 12,000 repressed Red Army officers and troops had been reinstated (not including the air force or navy). “O nakoplenii nachal’stvuiushchego sostava Raboche-Krest’ianskoi Krasnoi Armii,” 182, 187, 188–9.
298. Konstantinov, Rokossovskii, 42. See also Gorbatov, Gody i voiny, 162–72.
299. Drug plennykh, Jan. 27, 1940: 1.
300. Aron, Mémoires, 158.
301. Dullin, “How to Wage Warfare,” 224. See also Borkenau, Totalitarian Enemy, published in March 1939.
