The Crimean War полностью

As always, I am indebted to my family, to my wife, Stephanie, and our daughters, Lydia and Alice, who could never quite believe that I was writing a war book but indulged my interests nonetheless; to my wonderfully supportive agent, Deborah Rogers, and her superb team at Rogers, Coleridge and White, especially Ruth McIntosh, who talks me through my VAT returns, and to Melanie Jackson in New York; to Cecilia Mackay for her thoughtful work on the illustrations; to Elizabeth Stratford for the copy-editing; to Alan Gilliland for the excellent maps; and above all to my two great editors, Simon Winder at Penguin and Sara Bershtel at Metropolitan.

Note on Dates and Proper Names

DATES

From 1700 until 1918 Russia adhered to the Julian calendar, which ran thirteen days behind the Gregorian calendar in use in Western Europe. To avoid confusion, all dates in this book are given according to the Gregorian calendar.

PROPER NAMES

Russian names are spelled in this book according to the standard (Library of Congress) system of transliteration, but common English spellings of well-known Russian names (Tsar Alexander, for example) are retained.

ALSO BY ORLANDO FIGES

Peasant Russia, Civil War:

The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917 – 1921

A People’s Tragedy:

The Russian Revolution, 1891 – 1924

Interpreting the Russian Revolution:

The Language and Symbols of 1917

(with Boris Kolonitskii)

Natasha’s Dance:

A Cultural History of Russia

The Whisperers:

Private Life in Stalin’s Russia

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS

 AN Archives nationales, ParisBLMD British Library Manuscripts Division, LondonBLO Bodleian Library Special Collections, OxfordBOA Basbakanlik Osmanlik Archive, IstanbulFO National Archive, London, Foreign OfficeGARF State Archive of the Russian Federation, MoscowIRL Institute of Russian Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences, St PetersburgNAM National Army Museum, LondonRA Royal Archives, WindsorRGADA Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, MoscowRGAVMF Russian State Archive of the Military Naval Fleet, St PetersburgRGB Russian State Library, Manuscripts Division, St PetersburgRGIA Russian State Historical Archive, St PetersburgRGVIA Russian State Military History Archive, MoscowSHD Service historique de la Défense, VincennesWO National Archive, London, War Office

INTRODUCTION

1

L. Liashuk, Ofitsery chernomorskogo flota pogubshie pri zashchite Sevastopolia v 1854–1855 gg. (Simferopol, 2005); G. Arnold, Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War (London, 2002), pp. 38–9.

2

Losses of Life in Modern Wars: Austria-Hungary; France (Oxford, 1916), p. 142; Histoire militaire de la France, 4 vols. (Paris, 1992), vol. 2, p. 514; D. Murphy, Ireland and the Crimean War (Dublin, 2002), p. 104. The best recent survey of allied effectives and casualties is T. Margrave, ‘Numbers & Losses in the Crimea: An Introduction’, War Correspondent, 21/1 (2003), pp. 30–32; 21/2 (2003), pp. 32–6; 21/3 (2003), pp. 18–22.

3

J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 337; A. Khrushchev, Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 157–8.

CHAPTER 1. RELIGIOUS WARS

1

FO 78/446, Finn to Aberdeen, 27 May 1846; 78/705 Finn to Palmerston, 5 Apr. 1847; H. Martineau, Eastern Life: Present and Past, 3 vols. (London, 1848), vol. 3, pp. 162–5.

2

Ibid., pp. 120–21.

3

FO 78/368, Young to Palmerston, 14 Mar. 1839.

4

Quoted in D. Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Palestine and Syria, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford, 1969), p. 9.

5

A. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 1, pp. 42–3; N. Shepherd, The Zealous Intruders: The Western Rediscovery of Palestine (London, 1987), p. 23; Martineau, Eastern Life, vol. 3, p. 124; R. Curzon, Visits to Monasteries in the Levant (London, 1849), p. 209.

6