FO 78/413, Young to Palmerston, 29 Jan. and 28 Apr. 1840; 78/368, Young to Palmerston, 14 Mar. and 21 Oct. 1839.
7
R. Marlin, L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), p. 23.
8
E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 1, pp. 57–8, 76.
9
FO 78/705, Finn to Palmerston, 2 Dec. 1847.
10
On the various interpretations of the treaty, see R. H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West (Austin, Tex., 1990), pp. 29–37.
11
Mémoires du duc De Persigny (Paris, 1896), p. 225; L. Thouvenal, Nicolas Ier et Napoléon III: Les préliminaires de la guerre de Crimée 1852–1854 (Paris, 1891), pp. 7–8, 14–16, 59.
12
A. Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856 (Paris, 1995), p. 69; D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 76, 82–3; Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 1, pp. 17–18.
13
A. Ubicini, Letters on Turkey, trans. Lady Easthope, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 18–22.
14
S. Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin (London, 2000), pp. 244–5.
15
W. Reddaway, Documents of Catherine the Great (Cambridge, 1931), p. 147; Correspondence artistique de Grimm avec Cathérine II, Archives de l’art français, nouvelle période, 17 (Paris, 1932), pp. 61–2; The Life of Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 3 vols. (London, 1798), vol. 3, p. 211; The Memoirs of Catherine the Great (New York, 1955), p. 378.
16
Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, p. 37; H. Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects of Conquest in the Eighteenth Century’, in id. (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 83–5; V. Aksan, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged (London, 2007), pp. 160–61.
17
Montefiore, Prince of Princes, pp. 274–5.
18
Ibid., pp. 246–8.
19
G. Jewsbury, The Russian Annexation of Bessarabia: 1774–1828. A Study of Imperial Expansion (New York, 1976), pp. 66–72, 88.
20
M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (London, 1994), p. 44; J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), pp. 30–32.
21
M. Kozelsky, ‘Introduction’, unpublished MS.
22
K. O’Neill, ‘Between Subversion and Submission: The Integration of the Crimean Khanate into the Russian Empire, 1783–1853’, Ph.D. diss., Harvard, 2006, pp. 39, 52–60, 181; A. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772–1783 (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 144–6; M. Kozelsky, ‘Forced Migration or Voluntary Exodus? Evolution of State Policy toward Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, unpublished paper; B. Williams, ‘Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire’, Cahiers du monde russe, 41/1 (2000), pp. 79–108; M. Pinson, ‘Russian Policy and the Emigration of the Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854–1862’, Güney-Dogu Avrupa Arastirmalari Dergisi, 1 (1972), pp. 38–41.
23
A. Schönle, ‘Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s Appropriation of the Crimea’, Slavic Review, 60/1 (Spring 2001), pp. 1–23; K. O’Neill, ‘Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape’, Ab Imperio, 2 (2006), pp. 163–91.
24
M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), chap. 3; id., ‘Ruins into Relics: The Monument to Saint Vladimir on the Excavations of Chersonesos, 1827–57’, Russian Review, 63/4 (Oct. 2004), pp. 655–72.
CHAPTER 2. EASTERN QUESTIONS
1
