80. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 12; see also Varlam Shalamov, “In the Bathhouse,” in Kolyma Tales, trans. John Glad (New York, 1980), pp. 39–45.
81. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 22; see also Petrov, Soviet Gold, p. 185.
82. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 264.
83. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 36.
84. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 146.
85. Ibid., pp. 150ff.
86. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 18.
87. Nedelya, no. 19 (1988).
88. Literaturnaya gazeta, 4 April 1964.
89. Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation (London, 1971), p. 209.
90. Nedelya, no. 19 (1988).
91. Herling, World Apart, p. 41.
92. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, pp. 21–22.
93. V. Lashkin, in Novyy mir, no. 1 (1964).
94. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 20.
95. Ibid., p. 142.
96. For example, ibid., pp. 36–37, 166–67.
97. For example, Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 240, 279; Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 237.
98. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 124.
99. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 341.
100. Raphael R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution (London, 1962), pp. 418–20.
101. Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik, nos. 1–3 (1951).
102. A. Kuusinen, The Rings of Destiny (New York, 1974), p. 160.
103. N. Mandelshtam, Hope Against Hope (New York, 1970), p. 387.
104. Komsomolskaya znamya, 14 October 1988.
105. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, pp. 193–94.
106. Ibid., p. 14.
107. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 13.
108. Ibid., p. 24.
109. Ibid., p. 37.
110. El Campesino, Listen, Comrades (London, 1952), p. 162.
111. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London, 1968), p. 175.
112. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 137.
113. Ibid., p. 41.
114. Ibid., p. 128.
115. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 42.
116. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 111.
117. Robert Conquest, Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (London, 1978), chap. 9.
118. For Kolyma, see especially Gorbatov, Years Off My Life; Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps; Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 268–70; Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, pp. 180–238; Dark Side of the Moon, pp. 266–315; G. Shelest, “Kolyma Notes,” Znamya, no. 9 (1963); Shalamov, Kolyma Tales; Conquest, Kolyma.
119. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 269.
120. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 130.
121. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, passim.
122. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 128–29.
123. Andrei D. Sakharov, Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom (London, 1969), p. 53.
124. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 93.
125. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 270.
126. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 94.
127. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 272.
128. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 90.
129. Ibid., p. 208.
130. Ibid., chap. 9.
131. Ibid., p. 108.
132. Ibid., p. 197.
133. Ibid., pp. 169–70.
134. Dark Side of the Moon, p. 120.
135. Ibid., p. 121.
136. Radians’ ka Ukraina, 26 October 1988.
137. Shelest, “Kolyma Notes.”
138. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, chap. 55.
139. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, pp. 125–33.
140. Shelest, “Kolyma Notes.”
141. Ibid.
142. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 270.
143. Henry A. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission (New York, 1945).
144. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 113.
145. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 33.
