132. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 5th ed. (Moscow, 1965), vol. 50.
133. Sovetskaya istoricheskaya entsyklopediya (Moscow, 1967), vol. 10.
134. Pravda, 12 September 1966, and Voprosy istorii, no. 6 (1967), give 1944, but in recent accounts 1941 is the date.
135. Pravda, 8 June 1937.
136. Pravda, 17 May 1937; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, nos. 1 and 5 (1989).
137. Bukharin Trial, p. 590.
138. Ibid., p. 544.
139. Ibid., p. 516.
140. Ibid., p. 546.
141. Ibid., p. 549.
142. Ibid., p. 548.
143. Ibid., p. 518.
144. Ibid., p. 519.
145. Ibid., p. 527.
146. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 102.
147. Bukharin Trial, p. 525–26.
148. Ibid., p. 529.
149. Ibid., p. 530.
150. Walter Duranty, The Kremlin and the People (London, 1942), pp. 84–85.
151. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, pp. 119–20.
152. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 264.
153. Bukharin Trial, pp. 535, 539.
154. Ibid., p. 546.
155. Ibid., p. 551.
156. Ibid., p. 511.
157. Ogonek, no. 7 (1988).
158. Bukharin Trial, p. 562.
159. Ibid., p. 564.
160. Neva, no. 6 (1988).
161. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 105.
162. Bukharin Trial, p. 576.
163. Ibid., pp. 578–79.
164. Ibid., p. 573.
165. Ibid., pp. 577–78.
166. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 267–68.
167. Pravda, 8 June 1937.
168. I. M. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze (Moscow, 1963), p. 5.
169. Pravda, 8 June 1937.
170. Gol’dshtein, Tochka opory.
171. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 268.
172. Gol’dshtein, Tochka opory, p. 71.
173. Bukharin Trial, p. 590.
174. Ibid., p. 591.
175. Ibid., pp. 596–97.
176. Ibid., p. 608.
177. Ibid., p. 609.
178. Anton Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin (New York, 1981), p. 330.
179. Gustaw Herling, A World Apart (London, 1951), appendix.
180. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1988).
181. Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
182. Bukharin Trial, p. 684.
183. Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik, no. 6 (June 1954).
184. Isaac Don Levine, I Rediscover Russia (New York, 1964), p. 175.
185. Bukharin Trial, pp. 622–23.
186. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 107.
187. Bukharin Trial, p. 625.
188. Ibid., p. 626.
189. Ibid., p. 631.
190. Ibid., p. 676.
191. Ibid., p. 664.
192. Ibid., p. 679.
193. Ibid., p. 694.
194. Ibid., p. 697.
195. Ibid., p. 728.
196. Ibid., p. 734.
197. Ibid., p. 736.
198. Ibid., p. 737–38.
199. Ibid., p. 738.
200. Ibid., p. 739.
201. Ibid., pp. 740–41.
202. Ibid., p. 758.
203. Medvedev, in New Left Review.
204. V. Petrov and E. Petrov, Empire of Fear (London, 1956), p. 46.
205. Bukharin Trial, p. 786.
206. Ibid., p. 782.
207. Ibid., p. 769.
208. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 110.
209. Bukharin Trial, p. 769.
210. Ibid., p. 770.
211. Ibid., p. 771.
212. Ibid., p. 774.
213. Ibid., p. 778.
214. Ibid., p. 779.
215. Literaturnaya gazeta, 15 June 1988.
216. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 283.
217. Politika, 21 May 1965.
218. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 298.
219. Roy Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin (New York, 1980), p. 164.
220. Literaturnaya gazeta, 23 November 1988; Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
221. Moscow News, no. 40 (1988).
222. Moscow News, no. 11 (1988).
223. Znamya, no. 10 (1988).
224. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 229; Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), p. 207.
225. Eleanor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London, 1951), p. 15.
226. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), pp. 114–15; Maroosha Fischer, My Lives in Russia (New York, 1944), p. 237; Voprosy istorii, no. 9 (1988).
227. Teatr, no. 7 (1988).
228. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 283.
229. Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
230. XVIII s”ezd, 10–21 marta 1939 g. Stenograficheskiy otchet (Moscow, 1939), p. 26.
231. Bukharin Trial, p. 87.
232. For example, ibid., pp. 80, 185–86, 235.
233. For example, ibid., pp. 182–83, 201, 293–94, 303, 314, 318–19.
234. For example, ibid., pp. 71, 80.
Chapter 13: The Foreign Element
1. Ignazio Silone, in The God That Failed, ed. Richard H. Crossman (London, 1950), pp. 109ff.
2. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 61.
