71. Anweiler, Soviets, 84–85.
72. N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 120.
73. Schapiro, Communist Party, 86, 105.
74. The information which follows is drawn largely from D. Lane’s The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, Holland, 1969).
75. Schapiro, Communist Party, 101.
76. Lane, Roots, 21.
77. Ibid, 44–45.
78. Ibid., 210.
79. On the early manifestations of this attitude, see my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, passim.
80. L. M[art]ov in OD, III, Book 5, 572.
81. Anweiler, Soviets, 278n.
82. M[art]ov, OD, III, Book 5, 570.
83. Ibid., 571.
84. Schapiro, Communist Party, 76.
85. See below, p. 719.
86. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I, 107–9.
87. John L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963), 194–95.
88. Lenin, PSS, XVII, 31–32.
89. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 31–33.
90. Lenin, PSS, II, 452.
91. Pipes, Formation, 35–49.
92. Wolfe, Three, 261; Schapiro, Communist Party, 88.
93. Keep, Social Democracy, 181–82, 205.
94. M. N. Liadov [M. N. Mandelshtam] and S. M. Pozner, eds., Leonid Borisovich Krasin (“Nikitich”): Gody podpol’ia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 142.
95. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli?, 22–23; B Bibineishvili, Kamo (Moscow, 1934). 142n.–143n.
96. David Shub, Lenin (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 101–2; Pis’ma Akselroda i Martova (Berlin, 1924), 184.
97. Martov, Spasiteli, passim.
98. Ibid., 18.
99. On him, see Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, and M. Glenny in SS, No. 22 (1970), 192–221.
100. Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, 236–39 and passim.
101. Shub, Lenin, 104–5,
102. Wolfe, Three, 379; T. Aleksinskii in La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 456–57.
103. On this, see S. Shesternin in SB, No. 5/8 (1933), 155–56; N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1932), 141–42, and Dietrich Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier (Frankfurt-New York, 1981), 18–25.
104. Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier, 24.
105. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 448.
106. Padenie, I, 315. On him, see R. C. Elwood, Roman Malinovsky (Newtonville, Mass., 1977).
107. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 140 and 133.
108. Shub, Lenin, 117.
109. M. A. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki: Dokumenty po istorii bol’shevizma’s 1903 po 1916 god byvsh. Moskovskogo Okhrannogo Otdeleniia (Moscow, 1918), xiii.
110. V. Burtsev in Struggling Russia, I, No. 9–10 (1919), 139.
111. A. I. Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma v Rossii (Paris, 1922), 260.
112. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, 139.
113. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki, xiv. See, for example, his speech of December 7, 1912, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otch’ty, Sozyv IV, Sessiia I, Zasedanie 8 (St. Petersburg, 1913). 313–27.
114. Padenie, III, 281, 286; Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma, 258; Burtsev in Padenie, I, 316. A police instruction to this effect from the winter of 1916–17: B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 312–13.
115. Spiridovich, Istoriia Bol’shevizma, 231.
116. On this organization and its activities, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 132–36.
117. T. Hornykiewicz, ed., Ereignisse in der Ukraine, 1914–1922, I (Philadelphia, 1966), 183.
118. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 269.
119. LS, II (1924), 180.
120. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 273. On these events, see Ganetskii in LS, II (1924), 173–87, and Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 212–16.
121. O. G. Gankin, The Bolsheviks and the World War (Stanford, Calif., 1940), 54–55.
122. Ibid., 59.
123. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 155.
124. Ibid., XXVI, 1–7.
125. Ibid., XLIX, 15.
