110. Chris Humphrey, “Narcotic, Economics, and Drug Production in the Southern States,” http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/lac/lacinfoclient.nsf/d29684951174975c85256735007fef12/63a3f4e71ce14d2385256dc500661aaf/$FILE/Mexico%20South
States%20Narcotics%20and%20Poverty.pdf.
111. Wall Street Journal, September 30, 1998.
112. George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), 117.
113. See, e.g., Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski and John Williamson, After the Washington Consensus: Restoring Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003). John Williamson originally coined the phrase “Washington consensus” in 1990.
114. Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 14.
115. Chua, World on Fire, 195.
116. Castañeda, The Mexican Shock, 239.
117. Andres Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos: Mexico’s Roller-Coaster Journey Toward Prosperity (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 90–93: “Mexico in the early nineties was similar to American capitalism in the late 1870s. . . . Like the American ‘Robber Barons’ of their time, the Mexico Twelve were making a fortune from their close partnership with the government.” What Oppenheimer writes of the Mexico Twelve in Mexico could be said also of Halliburton and Enron in Washington.
118. Tom Barry, Harry Browne, and Beth Sims, The Great Divide: The Challenge of U.S.-Mexico Relations in the 1990s (New York: Grove Press, 1994), 69.
119. New York Times, July 20, 1996.
120. Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos, 5, 164.
121. Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1996.
122. Cf. Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos, 306–7.
123. Arguments for this can be found in 1996 issues of Money Laundering Alert, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mexico/family/citibankaffair.html. Cf. Stephen Bender, “American Banks and the War on Drugs,” Z Magazine, March 2001, http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/mar01bender.htm.
124. Cf. “Mexican Governor Pleads Not Guilty to Drug Charges in US,” AFP, May 10, 2010. The problem of bank-assisted theft was of course not confined to Mexico. “Sani Abacha, Nigeria’s former dictator, looted his nation of $110 million, also laundered for him by Citibank” (Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic [New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2004], 274).
125. Stephen Bender, “American Banks and the War on Drugs,” Z Magazine, March 2001; http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/mar01bender.htm. The Minority Staff Report is at http://govt-aff.senate.gov/110999_report.htm.
126. Guilhem Fabre, “Prospering on Crime: Money Laundering and Financial Crises,” http://www.mamacoca.org/FSMT_sept_2003/en/doc/fabre_prospering_on
_crime_en.htm. Details in Guilhem Fabre, Criminal Prosperity: Drug Trafficking, Money Laundering and Financial Crises after the Cold War (London: Routledge/Curzon, 2002), chap. 5.
127. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 198, 207.
128. Before the first loan was issued in 1982, the U.S. government had already ascertained from DEA and CIA that the profits from drug exports for Colombia and Mexico “probably represent 75 percent of source-country export earnings” (James Mills, The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Government Embrace [New York: Dell, 1986], 1135, 1181).
129. Reforma (Mexico City), May 22, 1996, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/
frontline/shows/mexico/news/reforma.html. An article in Proceso, February 16, 1997, based on heavily censored U.S. court documents, reproduced the allegations of a woman who claimed to have delivered payments of from $300,000 to $1 million to Raúl’s brother-in-law, José Ruiz Massieu. Cf. Charles Bowden, Down by the River: Drugs, Money, Murder, and Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 167.
130. CNN, May 18, 1998.
