Anglo-American Establishment полностью

deputy director of the Research Department of the Foreign Office in 1943-1945; adviser

to the Ministry of Education in 1945; director of the Geneva School of International

Studies in 1925-1939; adviser and chief organizer of the United Nations Educational,

Scientific, and Cultural Organization in 1946; and Visiting Professor at Trinity College,

Hartford, Connecticut, from 1947.

Another Fellow of New College who joined the Milner Group was R. S. Rait (1874-

1936). Of much less significance than Zimmern, he worked with the Group in the Trade

Intelligence Department of the War Office in 1915-1918. He is the chief reason why the

Milner Group, especially in the writings of Lionel Curtis, emphasized the union with

Scotland as a model for the treatment of Ireland. A close friend of A. V. Dicey, Fellow of

All Souls, he wrote with him Thoughts on the Union between England and Scotland

(1920), and, with C. H. Firth, another Fellow of All Souls, he wrote Acts and

Ordonnances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660 (1911). He left New College in 1913 to

become Professor of Scottish History at the University of Glasgow (1913-1929) and five

years later was made Royal Historiographer of Scotland (1919-1929). Originally intimate

with the inner circle of the Milner Group, he drifted away after 1913.

Reginald Coupland (Sir Reginald since 1944) came into the Milner Group's inner

circle shortly before Rait moved out, and has been there ever since. A student of

Zimmern's at New College in 1903-1907, he became a Fellow and lecturer in ancient

history at Trinity College, Oxford, immediately upon graduation and stayed there for

seven years. Since then his academic career has carried him to the following positions:

Beit Lecturer in Colonial History (1913-1918), Beit Professor of Colonial History (since

1920), Fellow of All Souls (since 1920), and Fellow of Nuffield College (since 1939). He

was also editor of The Round Table after Lord Lothian left (1917-1919) and again at the

beginning of the Second World War (1939-1941). His most important activities,

however, have been behind the scenes: as member of the Royal Commission on Superior

Civil Services in India (1923), as adviser to the Burma Round Table Conference of 1931,

as a member of the Peel Commission to Palestine (1936-1937), and as a member of Sir

Stafford Cripps's Mission to India (1942). He is reputed to have been the chief author of

the Peel Report of 1937, which recommended partition of Palestine and restriction of

Jewish immigration into the area—two principles which remained at the basis of British

policy until 1949. In fact, the pattern of partition contained in the Peel Report, which

would have given Transjordan an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea across the southern

portion of Palestine, was a subject of violent controversy in 1948.

Coupland has been a prolific writer. Besides his many historical works, he has written

many books that reflect the chief subjects of discussion in the inmost circle of the Milner

Group. Among these, we might mention Freedom and Unity, his lecture at Patna College,

India, in 1924; The American Revolution and the British Empire (1930); The Empire in These Days (1935); The Cripps Mission (1942); and Report on the Constitutional

Problem in India (3 parts, 1942-1943).

The Milner Group's relationships with All Souls were also strengthened after Milner

returned to England in 1905, and especially after the Kindergarten returned to England in

1909-1911. The Milner Group's strength in All Souls, however, was apparently not

sufficiently strong for them to elect a member of the Milner Group as Warden when

Anson died in 1914, for his successor, Francis W. Pember, onetime assistant legal adviser

to the Foreign Office, and a Fellow of All Souls since 1884, was of the Cecil Bloc rather

than of the Milner Group. Pember did not, however, resist the penetration of the Milner

Group into All Souls, and as a result both of his successors as Warden, W. G. S. Adams

(1933-1945) and B. H. Sumner (1945- ), were members of the Milner Group.

In general, the movement of persons was not from the Milner Group to All Souls but

in the reverse direction. All Souls, in fact, became the chief recruiting agency for the

Milner Group, as it had been before 1903 for the Cecil Bloc. The inner circle of this

Group, because of its close contact with Oxford and with All Souls, was in a position to

notice able young undergraduates at Oxford. These were admitted to All Souls and at

once given opportunities in public life and in writing or teaching, to test their abilities and

loyalty to the ideals of the Milner Group. If they passed both of these tests, they were

gradually admitted to the Milner Group's great fiefs such as the Royal Institute of