floating-point display precision, 1082–1083
flushing buffers, 1075–1076
formatting data types, 1076–1078
methods, 1071–1075
number base display, 1078–1079
printing trailing zeros/decimal points, 1083–1090
creating, 523
defined, 13, 36
functions.
ifstream, 1116–1119
ofstream, 1115–1119
ostringstream, 1142–1145
passing by reference, 770
passing by value, 770
pointers, 665–670
reference variables, 401–405
returning, 662–664, 770–771
const objects, 662–665
non-const objects, 663
stream, 1067
string, 965
subobjects, 797
this pointer, 539–546
valarray, 1045–1051
vector, 979–991, 1045–1051
adding elements to, 982–983
past-the-end iterators, 981–982
removing ranges of, 982
shuffling elements in, 987
sorting, 987
vect1.cpp example, 980–981
vect2.cpp sample program, 984–986
vect3.cpp sample program, 988–991
oct manipulators, 1078–1079, 1090–1091
octal numbers, 1215–1216
ofstream objects, 290, 1115–1119
one definition rule, 475
one-dimensional arrays, 244
OOP (object-oriented programming), 13, 506–507, 512, 1207
classes, 47–48
client/server model, 520
overview, 13–14
open namespaces, 485
open() method, 291–293, 967, 1119, 1122–1125
opening files, 1124–1125
multiple, 1119
operands, 97
operator functions, 565
operator overloading, 37, 564–566
addition operator (+), 569–572
cin object input, 1095–1097
example, 565–569
mytime0.cpp, 566
mytime0.h, 566
usetime0.cpp, 568–569
left shift operator (<), 581–587
member versus nonmember functions, 587–588
multiplication operator (*), 574–578
operator functions, 565
operator*(), 574–578
operator+(), 569–572
operator-(), 574–578
operator<<(), 581–585, 587
restrictions, 573–574
subtraction operator (-), 574–578
vector class, 588–590, 600
adding vectors, 590
declaring, 591–592
displacement vectors, 589
implementation comments, 602
member functions, 592, 597
multiple representations, 599
overloaded arithmetic operators, 599–600
overloading overloaded operators, 601
Random Walk sample program, 602, 605–606
state members, 597–599
with classes, string, 965
operator*() function, 574–578
operator+() function, 569–572
operator+() method, 1266
operator-() function, 574–578
operators, 1235
addition operator (+), overloading, 569–572
alternative tokens, 1222
arithmetic operators, 97–99
associativity, 99–100
division (/), 100–101
modulus (%), 101–102
order of precedence, 99–100
assignment (=), 43–44, 644, 767–768, 772–775
custom definitions, 645–646
enumerator value ranges, 153
enumerator values, setting, 152
overloading, 652–658
potental problems, 645
strings, 133–134
structures, 145–146
when to use, 644
associativity, 1231
examples, 1234
table of, 1232–1234
binary operators, 601, 1234
bitwise operators, 1235
alternative representations, 1240
logical bitwise operators, 1237–1240
shift operators, 1235–1237
testing bit values, 1241–1242
toggling, 1241
turning bits off, 1241
turning bits on, 1241
combination assignment operators, 211–212
comma, 214–217
example, 214–216
precedence, 217
concatenation (+), strings, 133–134
conditional (?::), 273–274
const_cast, 944
decrement (—), 207–208
pointers, 210–211
postfixing, 209–210
prefixing, 209–210
deferencing (*), pointers, 171–172
defined, 70
delete, 163–164, 180–183, 400, 454, 476–477, 668
dereferencing (*), 155–159
dynamic cast, 934–943
functor equivalents for arithmetic, logical, and relational operators, 1031–1032
increment (++), 197, 207–208
pointers, 210–211
postfixing, 209–210
prefixing, 209–210
left shift operator (<<)
overloading, 581–587, 676
literal operators, 1204
member dereferencing operators, 1242–1246
multiplication operator (*), overloading, 574–578
new, 180–182, 454, 476–482, 668
bad_alloc exceptions, 921
constructors, 659–661, 677–678
dynamic arrays, 164–167
dynamic structures, 178–180
free store, 183
memory allocation, 160–162
placement new, 671–676
reference variables, 400
operator functions, 565
operator*(), 574–578
operator+(), 569–572
operator-(), 574–578
operator<<(), 581–587
overloading, 101, 564–565
addition operator (+), 569–572
assignment operator, 652–658
example, 565–569
left shift operator (<<), 581–587, 676
member versus nonmember functions, 587–588
multiplication operator (*), 574–578
operator functions, 565
overloading overloaded operators, 601
restrictions, 573–574
subtraction operator (-), 574–578
precedence, 1231
examples, 1234
table of, 1232–1234
reference operator (&), 383–386
reinterpret_cast, 946
relational operators, 217–220
C-style strings, comparing, 220–223
equality operator (==), 218–220
string class strings, comparing, 223–224
table of, 217
scope resolution (::), 467
scope-resolution (::), 514
scope-resolution operator, 1332
sizeof, 71–73
static_cast, 945–946
