176. Below, 376. The speech was frequently interrupted by applause, and was followed by shouts of ‘Heil’ (IfZ, F19/3, page 70). Hitler was in much less good form when he spoke on 26 June — the military situation had worsened during the previous four days — to about 100 leading representatives of the armaments industry, to try to assuage them about Party interference in the economy. During this speech, there was barely applause, and Hitler’s vague philosophizing did not come across well. The attempt, which Speer had hoped would rouse the morale of the assembled businessmen, did not succeed. (The text is printed in von Kotze, 35–68; and see Speer, 369–71.)
177. TBJG, II/12, 524 (22 June 1944). Goebbels had been more sceptical. Heavy bombing attacks against German rear areas began on the night of 21–22 June; the main attacks commenced the following day (Glantz and House, 204).
178. DZW, vi.35–6; Glantz and House, ch.13.
179. Gruchmann, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, 252; Weinberg III, 704; David Glanz, Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War, London/Totowa NJ, 1989, 362–79, here 463, 467/ff.; DZW, vi.33.
180. Irving, HW, 643–4.
181. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Jürgen Rohwer, Entscheidungsschlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Frankfurt am Main, 1960, 452.
182. TBJG, II/12, 538–9, 542 (24 June 1944).
183. Weisungen, 281–5. The principle of the twelve bastions created in the theatre of Army Group Centre, with three divisions assigned to each of the strongholds, was to suck in the Red Army, tying them down, then building the basis for a successful counter-operation. The tactic backfired drastically in the Soviet offensive of June 1944.
184. Below, 377–8.
185. See DZW, vi.34.
186. Gruchmann, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, 253.
187. Gruchmann, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, 253; Weinberg III, 706–8; Below, 378. The Soviet offensive in the Centre, South, and North is extensively described in DZW, vi.30–52, 52–70, 70–81.
188. Wistrich, Wer war wer, 188; Gruchmann, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, 253; DZW, vi.41.
189. Speidel, 127; Guderian, 334; Irving, HW, 649–51.
190. Domarus, 2110.
191. Guderian, 334.
192. Below, 378; Irving, HW, 648; Wistrich, Wer war wer, 301; Domarus, 2130.
193. Below, 378.
194. Below, 379.
195. Below, 380.
196. Below, 380.
197. Domarus, 2118. See Peter Hoffmann, Stauffenberg. A Family History, 1905–1944, Cambridge, 1995, ch.9, especially 179–80, for Stauffenberg’s involvement in the North African campaign that led to his serious injuries, sustained on 7 April 1943, and 253–4 for his presence at the briefings on 6 and 11 July 1944.
198. Domarus, 2121; Hoffmann, Stauffenberg, 256–60; Hoffmann, Widerstand, 469–75.
199. Witnesses gave differing times for the explosion, between 12.40 and 12.50p.m. (Hoffmann, Widerstand, 493, 817 n. 43).
<p>CHAPTER 14: LUCK OF THE DEVIL</p>1. The most wide-ranging anthology of essays on resistance is Jürgen Schmädeke and Peter Steinbach (eds.), Der Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus, Munich/Zürich, 1985. Among the numerous guides through the labyrinth of the literature and moral debates on resistance are Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.), Der zo.Juli 1944. Bewertung und Rezeption des deutschen Widerstandes gegen das NS-Regime, Cologne, 1994; Ulrich Heinemann, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Neuere Literatur zum bürgerlich-aristokratischen Widerstand gegen Hitler und zum 2oJuli 1944 (Teil I)’, GG, 21 (1995), 111–39; and Ulrich Heinemann and Michael Krüger-Charlé, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Der 2oJuli 1944 in Publizistik und wissenschaftlicher Literatur des Jubiläumsjahres 1994 (Teil II)’, GG, 23 (1997), 475–501. The most detailed and thoroughly researched description of the conspiracies against Hitler remains that of Hoffmann, Widerstand, on which this chapter frequently relies. A shorter, stylish account is that of Fest, Staatsstreich. Short descriptions of the personnel can be found in Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, Lexikon des Widerstandes 1933–1945. Munich, 1994. Problems of concepts and terminology, not entered into here, can be followed in the entries in Benz and Pehle; also in Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th edn, London, 2000, ch.8.
