268. Kokoshin, Armiia i politika, 95, 96–9.
269. Ken, Mobilizatsionnoe planirovanie, 243–7 (citing RGVA, f. 40442, op. 2, d. 32, l. 103: draft of Voroshilov report, not earlier than Dec. 13, 1933). Lithuania secretly cooperated militarily with the USSR on the basis of shared antagonism toward Poland. Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom in April 1934 and returned with a description of the Royal Air Force new Hampden bomber with a sketch of its weaponry, obtained by Soviet military intelligence. Hastings, Secret War, 2–3 (no citation).
270. Stone, Hammer and Rifle, 23, 237n33; Tukhachevskii, Voprosy sovremennoi strategii (Moscow: Voennyi vestnik, 1926), reprinted in Tukhachevskii, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, I: 244–61 (at 254–5).
271. “Europe remains in equal doubt both as to our policy and to our capacity,” Vansittart, the dominant official in the foreign office, observed in an internal memorandum (June 2, 1934). “The results are already—or perhaps I should say at last—becoming manifest. Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, are all at varying degrees tending to be drawn into the German orbit; and on Italy’s inconstancies now largely depend Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The political map of Europe is, in fact, altering under our eyes and to our disadvantage, if we must look upon Germany as the eventual enemy.” McKercher, “Deterrence,” 98 (citing “Minute by Sir R. Vansittart” [DQMX32) 117], PRO, CAB 27/510). On British intelligence and Germany, see also Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 4–5; Winterbotham, Nazi Connection; West, MI6, 45–7.
272. Anon., “Zametki o peresechenii biografii,” 316.
273. Shentalinsky, Arrested Voices, 168–96 (citing the case file). See also Bykov, Boris Pasternak, 472–7.
274. Literaturnaia gazeta, May 14 and 16, 1934.
275. Pridvorov, “Ob otse,” 219.
276. Fleishman, Pasternak v tridtsatye gody, 153–96; Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, 25–6; Akhmatova, “Mandelshtam (Listki iz dnevnika),” 182; Anon., “Zametki o peresechenii biografii,” 316–7; “Impressions of Boris Pasternak,” 88. Neither the generally unforgiving Nadezhda nor Osip ever blamed Pasternak.
277. Ivinskaya, Captive of Time, 61–3. It remains unknown which of the narrow circle of people informed on Mandelstam. Shentalinsky, Arrested Voices, 172, 178–80.
278. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, 84–5.
279. Stalin wrote in blue pencil on the letter: “And who gave them authorization to arrest Mandelstam? An outrage.” RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 709, l. 167–167ob. See also Maksimenkov, “Ocherki nomenklaturnoi istorii.”
280. Bykov, Boris Pasternak, 495–504. Stalin might have been bothered by the circumstance that Pasternak had run to Bukharin, who at Izvestiya was attempting to act as patron and protector of the great writers, rather than directly to the dictator. Trapping Pasternak into failing to admit friendship with Mandelstam, if that is what Stalin did, could have been like psychological payback for an offense Pasternak did not knowingly commit.
281. In the 1950s Pasternak would tell two British academics, Isaiah Berlin and D. P. Costello. Fleishman, Pasternak v tridtsatye gody, 185–7. Pasternak’s friend and German studies specialist Nikolai William-Wilmont was present, and Pasternak’s second wife, Zinaida Neuhaus, was sitting on a couch in the adjacent room during the call.
282. Koltsov, who had helped make Dimitrov famous, was in the airport greeting party. Pravda, Feb. 28 and March 1, 1934. In 1932, in Berlin, the married Koltsov had started a romance with his interpreter, the blond beauty Maria Gresshöner (b. 1908), who accompanied him back to Moscow and took the surname Osten (“East”). He installed her at a German-language periodical in Moscow, and took on her on his foreign trips.
283. Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 8 (Feb. 27, 1934). B. Popov and V. Tanev arrived with Dimitrov in Moscow.
284. Borkenau, Communist International, 405; Cockburn, Crossing the Line, 54.
285. In 1933, the original four stories of the Lux were expanded to six, bringing the hotel to 300 rooms. Visiting Soviet inhabitants had to leave their identification cards at the desk and fill out questionnaires in order to enter the Lux; at midnight, all were supposed to be out. Kennel, “New Innocents Abroad,” 15; von Mayenburg, Hotel Lux; Vaksberg, Hôtel Lux.
