201. Functionaries had dug out the old tsarist emblems and made sketches for Soviet versions. Stalin also allowed the “staff” to become once again the “general staff.” Solov’ev, “Tetrady krasnogo professor, 1912–1941 gg.,” IV: 183; Erickson, Soviet High Command, 366–403, 445–6; Zaloga, “Soviet Tank Operations,” note 2.
202. The decree creating the marshal rank was issued on Sept. 22, 1935, and the rank was ceremoniously conferred on Nov. 20; Pravda’s account (the next day) sought to smother the whiff of tsarism: “Kliment Voroshilov is a proletarian to the marrow, a Bolshevik in every movement, a theoretician and practitioner of the military art, a cavalryman, a sharpshooter, one of the best orators in the party, a thoughtful and hardworking organizer of the immense defense machine.”
203. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 51–4.
204. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK, 822n166.
205. By fall 1935, 16,000 people had received a USSR state medal, such as the Order of Lenin or Order of the Red Banner. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 81n6 (citing GARF, f. R-3316, op. 65, d. 144, l. 5). The regime would introduce a “director’s fund” in 1936 for payment of “bonuses.”
206. Murin, Stalin v ob”iatiakh, 183 (Svanidze diary: Nov. 17, 1935).
207. Yevgeny was born Jan. 10, 1936. At some point Yakov acknowledged him and his last name was changed from Golyshev to Jughashvili. Golysheva received money from the Jughashvili household for the boy.
208. Murin, Stalin v ob”iatiakh, 183–4 (Svanidze diary: Nov. 17, 1935).
209. Norm-busters appeared in automobiles (Alexander Busygin), machine tools (I. I. Gudov), textiles (Yevdokiya and Maria Vinogradov), and the Gulag, but it was Stakhanov’s name that got affixed to the “movement.” Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism; Benvenuti, “Stakhanovism and Stalinism”; Davies and Khlevniuk, “Stakhanovism”; Davies et al., Years of Progress, 164–9; Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 310–1 (RGASPI, f. 85, op. 29, d. 460, l. 2–3: Orjonikidze to Sarkisov, Sept. 6, 1935); Goriaeva, “Veilkaia kniga dnia,” 301 (RGAKFD, no. Sh-192, Vr. Zv. 02:00).
210. Soldatenkov, Politicheskie i nravstvennye posledstviia, 82–8 (citing TsGAIPD StP., f. 24, op. 2, d. 1190, l. 6: Zhdanov, April 5, 1936).
211. In 1937, the mine’s party organizer, Konstantin Petrov (b. 1908), would replace the mine boss, Iosif Zaplavsky, who ended up in Norilsk, a Gulag site.
212. Mikoyan advised that “if one is to study by the capitalists, then in the first instance it is necessary to study by the Americans.” Pervoe soveshchanie rabochikh; Mikoian, V polose velikogo pod”ema, 15.
213. Pravda, Nov. 22, 1935; Sochineniia, XIV: 79–102 (at 89–91).
214. Stakhanov made the cover of Time on Dec. 16, 1935. Stalin also pushed through a campaign against managers’ “sabotage” in late 1935, which, like Stakhanovism, he largely abandoned by spring 1936. See also Stakhanov, Rasskaz o moei zhizni.
215. Raskol’nikov, O vremeni i o sebe, 476–86. Raskolnikov’s acquaintances were phoning with congratulations, having somehow heard news of Stalin’s treatment of him. He and Molotov had once studied together at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic and worked together at Pravda before the revolution. Bulgaria was Raskolnikov’s fourth ambassadorship. In between, he had chaired the state repertory committee, which oversaw live theater, and himself tried his hand at writing plays.
216. Raskolnikov mentions that he encountered Mikhail Koltsov in the reception area; in fact, Koltsov was received by Stalin just before RaskolniIov. Raskol’nikov, O vremeni i o sebe, 486–8; Na prieme, 174–5.
