Stalin полностью

133. Preston, Franco, 175–87; Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, chapter 5.

134. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 905–6.

135. The Carlists supported the claim to the throne of Alfonso Carlos I de Borbón y Austria, but after he died in late Sept. 1936 without an heir, they had splintered, with some supporting Alfonso Carlos’s appointed regent (Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma) and others supporting Alfonso XIII (in exile at Rome’s Grand Hotel).

136. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 907.

137. Bolloten, Spanish Revolution.

138. Before the putsch, on May 20, 1936, Dimitrov had informed Manuilsky that he had a discussion with Stalin about the Spanish question, and that Stalin had approved the Comintern line: support for the Spanish Republic government rather than the Spanish Communist party or revolution. Meshcheriakov, “SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii,” 88 (citing RGASPI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 208, l. 31; f. 17, op. 120, d. 439, l. 266). After the putsch, Stalin would still not support a Communist takeover or putsch, despite being urged to do so by Soviet military men who craved political unity in Spain. Sadly, some scholars continue to insist—against a wealth of evidence—that the “moderate” policies of the Comintern as well as the Spanish Communist party in the civil war were mere “temporary tactical adjustments.” Payne, Spanish Civil War, 293. Payne’s book is dedicated to Bolloten, his mentor, who called the Popular Front a “grand camouflage” for Communist penetration. Bolloten, Grand Camouflage. This is the same Bolloten mentioned in Soviet intelligence documents from the Spanish civil war as “our source.” Costello and Tsraev, Deadly Illusions, 237 (citing ASVRR, file 17679, I: 15 [or 161]; Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent, 237.

139. The Soviet Union had interest groups—regional, institutional, personal—that formed over struggles for resources and influence, but they competed for Stalin’s favor, trying to anticipate his preferences and to destroy their rivals—jockeying that made them ultimately dependent on him.

140. Solomon Dridzo, known as Lozovsky, the general secretary of the Red Trade Union International, was just as incredulous: “And so, Hitler does not express the interests of finance capital in Germany?” Manuilsky felt compelled to interject: “Comrade Varga, it is clear to the [Comintern] secretariat that Germany is ruled by finance capital. Comrade Pieck is not denying that fact.” Komolova, Komintern protiv fashizma: dokumenty, 445–8 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 18, d. 1171, l. 24–9)

141. Fischer, Russia’s Road, 242 (Feb. 11, 1937); Abramov, “Osobaia missiia Davida Kandelaki,” 151–2 (citing AVP RF f. 05, op. 17, pap. 126, d. 1, l. 22; f. 059, op. 1, pap. 244, d. 1717, l. 15), 152 (pap. 244, d. 1715 (Surits to Litvinov, March 21, 1937).

142. Abramov, “Osobaia missiia Davida Kandelaki,” 152 (citing AVP RF, f. 05, op. 17, pap. 130, d. 42, l. 28, 29, 34; f. 059, op. 1, pap. 244, d. 1715, l. 28–9, 45: March 21, 1937).

143. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 56, l. 29.

144. Izvestiia, April 2, 1937. Rosenholz would be removed as foreign trade commissar on July 14, 1937, and replaced by Yevgeny Chvyalev.

145. Abramov, “Osobaia missiia Davida Kandelaki,” 152 (citing AVP RF, f. 5, op. 17, pap. 1304, d. 42, l. 77).

146. DVP SSSR, XX: 174–5.

147. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 299–300 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 58, d. 249, l. 158); Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 45–6 (APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 249, l. 142–3; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 21, l. 29), 286 (APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 254a, l. 82).

148. Khlevniuk et al., Stalinskoe politbiuro, 55; Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, 229–30.

149. Well described by Buber-Neumann, Under Two Dictators, 3–25. Her husband, Heinz, was arrested in April 1937; she was arrested the next year and sent to a camp in Karaganda as “the wife of an enemy of the people.”

150. Thurston, Life and Terror.

151. Medvedev, On Stalin, 102. See also Beck and Gordin, Russian Purge, 146 (“He’s not a party member and he’s not a Jew, so why has he been arrested?”).

152. Pravda, April 17 and Aug. 12, 1938. See also Vlast’ sovetov, 1938, no. 10: 52–3.

153. Pravda, April 29, May 11, June 24, Aug. 14 and 25, 1937.

154. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, 336.

155. Muza, “Tragedy of a Russian Woman,” 495; “Iz stenogrammy repetitsii spektaklia ‘Anna Karenina,’” in V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, o tvorchestve aktera: khrestomatiia (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1984), 338. The play was featured at the Paris Exposition of 1937.