Stalin полностью

78. Yakov met Meltzer when she was married to Nikolai Bessarab, an aide to the head of the Moscow province NKVD, Stanisław Redens, Stalin’s brother-in-law. She gave her birth year as 1911, but was likely born in 1906. She and Yakov would legalize their marriage on Feb. 18, 1938 (the day before she would give birth to a daughter, whom they named Galina, the same as Yakov’s first child, who had died in infancy in 1929). The family lived in a four-room apartment on elite Granovsky Street while keeping the Zubalovo dacha. Meltzer had a child from her first marriage. Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i, 118; Zen’kovich, Samye sekretnye rodsvtvenniki, 372–3.

79. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1994, no. 3), 4.

80. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 2), 7. Molchanov had been arrested Feb. 2–3, 1937.

81. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 2), 21 (Ivan Zhukov).

82. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 3), 13–4. The theory went back to Lenin: “O diktature proletariata,” PSS, XXXIX: 261–3.

83. Sochineniia, XIV: 207–8.

84. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 7), 11–3; Pravda, March 4, 1937.

85. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 11–12), 13, 14, 16. Stalin’s March 5 concluding speech was belatedly published in Pravda (April 1, 1937) and as a pamphlet (Moscow: OGIZ, 1938) with translations into foreign languages. See also Sochineniia, XIV: 225–47, and Zhukov, Inoi Stalin, 360–1. None of the references to Orjonikidze’s sheltering of enemies appeared in Pravda’s version of Stalin’s speech, but plenum attendees once back home could orally convey Stalin’s remarks.

86. Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 56 (March 4, 1937: misdated, should be March 5).

87. “O Partiinosti lits, prokhodivshikh po delu tak nazyvaemogo ‘antisovetskogo pravotrotskistskogo bloka,’” 74. One operative stated that the oppositionists in prison were able to hold debates, read newspapers and books, meet with friends and relatives, and drink brandy, and that during their volleyball games in the yard, if the ball were knocked far, NKVD personnel would run and retrieve it. Vinogradov, Genrikh iagoda, 6–7.

88. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1995, no. 11–12), 21; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 773, l. 115; Khlevniuk, Kohoziain, 309–10.

89. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 266–8. At a plenum of the Spanish Communist party, also on March 5, 1937, José Diaz asked, “Who are the enemies of the people? The enemies of the people are the fascists, Trotskyites and uncontrolled elements.” Diaz called Trotsky “a direct agent of the Gestapo.” Novikov, SSSR, Komintern, II: 95. At a Nov. 1937 plenum of the Spanish Communist party, Diaz said of “Trotskyites” in Spain: “You need to eliminate them with the same mercilessness with which we eliminate fascists.” Bolshevik, 1937, no. 23–24 (1937): 86–7.

90. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie, 639–40n18 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 4, d. 13, l. 54–67: Lev Mironov).

91. Afanas’ev, Oni ne molchali, 217; Starkov, “Narkon Ezhov”; Ivanova, Gulag, 152; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 61–2; Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 73–4; Conquest, Reassessment, 39–40. Krivitsky refers to a Yezhov speech on March 18 to the NKVD party active, and Pavliukov a Yezhov speech on March 19 to the NKVD higher-ups. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, 167; Pavliukov, Ezhov, 264–5 (citing TsA FSB stenogram of a Yezhov speech of March 19).

92. Il’inskii, Narkom Iagoda, 17–18. See also Shreider, NKVD iznutri, 39.

93. On March 31, 1937, Central Committee members were informed that “in view of the danger of leaving Yagoda at liberty for even a single day,” he had been arrested, a formulation by which Stalin could justify violating the regulation of having the Central Committee vote to expel him first. The 65 remaining full members of the Central Committee, down from 71, then “voted” in writing to expel Yagoda post-facto. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 614, l. 94–105; op. 3, d. 985, l. 34; Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie, 124–5 (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 299, l. 188–9), 126; Pravda, April 4, 1937.

94. Agabekov, ChK za rabotoi, 134, 178.

95. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, 17, 36.

96. Koenker et al., Revelations, 77 (Vlasik interviewed in 1965).