Stalin полностью

115. Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor,’” 228 (Kutyakov diary entry for March 15, 1937; he was arrested May 15).

116. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 348 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 4, d. 87, l. 292); Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 106.

117. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1994, no. 8): 15; Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor,’” 1: 164–5. In notes for his remarks made prior to the plenum, Voroshilov had written, “It is not excluded, on the contrary it is likely, that in the Red Army ranks there are not a few unrevealed, not unmasked Japanese-German, Trotskyite-Zinovievite spies, diversionaries, and terrorists”—a point he omitted at the plenum. Suvenirov, “Narkomat oborony,” at 28, citing TsGASA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 1022, l. 267, 281. Voroshilov made only grammatical corrections to the plenum stenogram (film 2.2726, reel 78).

118. “Delo o tak nazyvaemoi ‘antisovetskoi trotskistskoi organizatsii’ v Krasnoi Armii,” 45; Suvenirov, “Narkomat oborony,” 28 (citing RGVA, f. 9, op. 36, d. 2376, l. 28). On March 29, 1937, Stalin had all party expellees in Red Army commanding ranks discharged and redirected to economic commissariats—where the grim reaper would come for them. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 189–227.

119. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 57. On Tukhachevsky’s holiday, see Bourne and Watt, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, XIV: 52–4. (Chilston report Feb. 23, 1937, PRO, FO 371/21099, N 1082/250/3); DDF, 2e série, IV: 42 (Coulondre, Feb. 10, 1937).

120. Voroshilov’s formal report, stretching to eighty pages, stated: “I repeat, we have arrested [in the army] 15 or 20 so far, but that does not mean, comrades, that we have cleansed all the enemies. . . . We need to cleanse completely. We in the Worker Peasant Red Army have no right to tolerate even one enemy.” Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 58 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 14, d. 1820, l. 58). Voroshilov’s report to the party active in the Red Army, in mid-March, was far sharper about Trotskyite-fascist penetration and the need for a complete cleansing, indicating his succumbing to Stalin’s pressure. Budyonny and Gamarnik at the same gathering reinforced the pressure. Whitewood, Red Army, 226–7 (citing RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 117, l. 42, 47, 51, 51–3, 58, 95–7).

121. Rybalkin, Operatsiia “X,” 85 (citing RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 961, l. 123). Kulik appeared in the Little Corner, for the first time, on May 23, 1937, along with Molotov, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, and Yezhov, arriving after them, and departing before. Na prieme, 210. See also “Beria protiv Kulika,” in Bobrenev and Riazantsev, Palachi i zhertvy, 197–264 (esp. 203–4).

122. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 56 (citing RGVA, f. 9., op. 39, d. 69, l. 13).

123. Khaustov, “Razvitie sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti,” 362 (citing TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 45, d. 29, l. 246). Peterson would be shot on Aug. 21, 1937.

124. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, I/ii: 261 (citing TsGASA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 400, l. 137–9).

125. Eden, Foreign Affairs, 182–3 (Jan. 12, 1937).

126. Evidently, it was not until Feb. 16, 1937, that Largo Caballero would issue the first order to convert some gold ($51 million worth) to pay off the Spanish debt to the Soviets for the military supplies. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 539. Some of Spain’s gold reserves would be drawn upon in convertible currency via the Spanish Republic’s Eurobank account in Paris ($256 million of expenditures in 1937 alone) to pay for purchases of weapons and military supplies. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 137 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 234, l. 56).

127. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraphs 532–48; Howson, Arms for Spain, 151. On gold see also Viñas, “Financing the Spanish Civil War,” 266–83. In summer 1938, Stalin would receive a denunciation that some of the gold had been embezzled before shipment to the Soviet Union, and he had Beria investigate. Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, 42–3. The total mobilization of Soviet war matériel was something on the order of 600,000 tons. Grechko et al., Istoriia vtoroi mirovoi voiny, II: 54, 137.

128. Payne, Fascism in Spain, 262–3; Bosworth, Mussolini, 319; Preston, Franco, 228.

129. Payne, Falange, 212.

130. Preston, Franco, 242.

131. By the time Franco would finally advance on the Catalan front, in spring 1938, the Republic’s defenders would melt away, rendering his move more a military parade than an offensive. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 852.

132. In Portugal and Greece, too, traditional authoritarian conservatism blunted indigenous fascist movements. Blinkhorn, Fascists and Conservatives.