Stalin полностью

81. Wladyslaw Stein, known as Anton Krajewski, a leading official in the Comintern cadres department, had presented a report on Oct. 25, 1934, accusing émigrés of acting as foreign agents. Yezhov, in a September 1935 speech to party secretaries, had voiced suspicion of political émigrés, especially from Germany and Poland, calling them foreign agents. “I’d like to discuss the question of verification measures of the Polish Communist party, which, as you know, in recent years has been the main supplier of spies and provocative elements in the USSR,” Manuilsky (an ethnic Ukrainian) had written ingratiatingly to Yezhov on Jan. 19, 1936, knowing this was Stalin’s view. Chase, Enemies within the Gates?, 48 (citing RGASPI, f. 495, op. 21, d. 23, l. 6, 9, 23); 105–7 (op. 18, d. 1147a, l. 1–3); Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti,” 210 (APRF, f. 57, op. 1., d. 73, l. 3).

82. In April 1938, Pyatnitsky evidently named Mao among the “Bukharin group” in the Comintern as a spy for Japan. Boris Melnikov, a former Soviet agent in China who had been accused of having gone over to the Japanese, was accused of being involved in the Comintern “conspiracy” of Osip Pyatnitsky, and his “testimony” supposedly denounced Mao as “the leader of Trotskyism in the inmost depths of the CCP.” Piatnitskii, Zagovor protiv Stalina, 120–5 (citing a July 1987 interview with Mikhail Menndeleyev, a former cellmate of Melnikov); Vaksberg, Hôtel Lux, 218–21, 235. See also Chang and Halliday, Mao, 208–9. In 1935, Pyatnitsky had been moved out of the Comintern to the central party apparatus.

83. Starkov, “Ar’ergardnye boi staroi partiinoi gvardii,” 220–1. As of July 1938, a year after his arrest, Pyatnitsky was still not broken and Yezhov’s power was waning. (Béla Kun and Wilhelm Knorin, said to have been in league with Pyatnitsky, were broken.) Pyatnitsky was tried in camera and, on July 29, 1938, executed. Starkov, “The Trial that Was Not Held.” See also Dmitrievskii, Piatnitskii.ogists.

84. Murray, I Spied for Stalin, 83.

85. Stalin’s letters to Karakhan in the 1920s—an epoch ago—had burst with affection, but subsequent mentions were venomous. As late as April 14, 1937, he had asked Karakhan, then Soviet envoy to Turkey, if he would agree to a big promotion to ambassador to the United States. On May 3, he had Karakhan recalled to Moscow and arrested. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 56, l. 68 (ciphered telegram to Karakhan in Ankara). Yezhov, whether on Stalin’s direct order or to please him, had Karakhan implicated in the case against Tukhachevsky; Stalin wrote “important” on the first page of Karakhan’s June 2, 1937, interrogation protocols (which the dictator received on June 19). Karakhan was sentenced and executed on Sept. 20, 1937. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie, 222–5 (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 309, l. 123–30).

86. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 180 (citing TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 4, d. 469, l. 167).

87. At the Feb.–March 1937 plenum, when Voroshilov asserted that Rykov had several times been trembling—a supposed admission of his guilt—Litvinov interjected, “When was this?” Deeper into the terror, Litvinov would complain to Andreyev that arresting journalists at the Soviet Journal de Moscou for having contacts with foreigners was tantamount to arresting them for doing their job. Dullin, Men of Influence, 217, citing AVP RF, f. 5, op. 17, pap. 126, d. 1, letter Oct. 26, 1937. The journal’s editor (Rayevsky) had been arrested in Oct. 1936; his successor, a bona fide proletarian, Viktor Kin (Surovikin), would be arrested in Jan. 1938. Journal de Moscou was soon shuttered. Babichenko, “‘Esli aresty budut prodolzhatsiia, to . . . ne ostanetsiia ni odnogo nemtsa-chlena partii,’” 119 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 292. d. 101, l. 13–8).

88. Uldricks, “Impact of the Great Purges” 192 (citing National Archives decimal file 861.00/11705: Henderson to secretary of state, June 10, 1937); Barmine, One Who Survived, 3.

89. The next greatest of executions would be 1942—23,000. Popov, “Gosudarstvennyi terror,” 20–31 (using the 1963–4 Shvernik commission report). See also Wheatcroft, “Victims of Stalinism”; and Khlevniuk, “Les mécanismes de la Grande Terreur.”

90. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge, 75; Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, 219–21; Junge and Binner, Kak terror stal “bol’shym”; Gregory, Terror by Quota.

91. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, 85.

92. Shapoval and Zolotar’ov, Vsevolod, 337; Iakovenko, Agnessa, 65.

93. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 571.

94. Iakovenko, Agnessa, 86–92.