218. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 423–5. It is said that when Malenkov finally saw a transcript of this interrogation, in Feb. 1955, he destroyed it. Kovaleva et al., Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich, 44; Kovaleva et al., “Posledniaia ‘antipartiinaia’ gruppa,” 23. For Khrushchev’s defense of Malenkov in 1937 in Moscow, see Ponomarev, “Nikita Khrushchev,” 135.
219. Artizov et al., Reabilitatsiia, kak eto bylo, 330.
220. Tumshis and Papchinskii, 1937, 68. The former colleague was Sergei Schwarz.
221. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 470; Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’, I: 172; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 417.
222. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 365–6 (TsA FSB, f. 3–os, op. 6, d. 3, l. 42–3). For Yezhov’s interrogation on April 26 (by Kobulov and others), see Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i NKVD, 52–72 (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 375, l. 122–64).
223. Sontag, “Last Months of Peace.”
224. Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 332–3 (April 15, 1939); Falin, Soviet Peace Efforts, I: 342.
225. Stalin wrote on the TASS summary: “Expel the representative of this newspaper from Moscow.” (In Feb. 1939, the politburo had approved the foreign affairs commissariat request to grant Howard an entry visa, while warning him not to expect another audience with Stalin.) Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 506–9 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 207, l. 36–41; f. 17, op. 162, d. 24, l. 105). Howard also published a dispatch from Paris at this time pointing out that anti-Jewish actions in Nazi Germany were underestimated, not exaggerated.
226. God krizisa, I: 386–7 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 1a, p. 25, d. 4, l. 27–8); DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 283–4, 284–5 (AVP RF f. 059, op. 1, p. 303, d. 2093, l. 27–8); Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 335–7 (April 17, 1939); Falin, Soviet Peace Efforts, I: 346–7.
227. Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 335–6 (April 17, 1939); Falin, Soviet Peace Efforts, I: 345–6; Aster, 1939, 163; Neilson, Britain, Soviet Russia, 283, 287–9; God krizisa, I: 386 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 1a, pap. 25, d. 4, l. 27–8); FRUS, 1939, I: 240; DDF, 2e série, XV: 789–90; Na prieme, 256. See also Carley, 1939, 126–34; and Pons, Stalin and the Inevitable War, 159.
228. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 291–3 (Astakhov record: AVP RF, f. 06, op. 1, p. 7, d. 65, l. 69–71); DGFP, series C, IV: 783 (Bräutigam memo, Nov. 1, 1935); Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1–2; Roberts, “Infamous Encounter?”; Roberts, Origins of the Second World War, 69–71; Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 202–15.
229. Gafencu, Last Days of Europe, 78.
230. Neilson, Britain, Soviet Russia, 283 (citing FP [36], minutes of 43rd meeting, April 19, 1939, Cab 27/624); DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 541–2n101 (citing PRO, Cab. 27/624: 300–3, 309–12); Dilks, Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 175. Halifax told a British cabinet meeting (April 26) that the “time was not ripe for so comprehensive a proposal, and we proposed to ask the Russian government to give further consideration to our plan.” Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 341 (April 21), 684n103 (citing PRO, CAB 23/39: 58); Falin, Soviet Peace Efforts, I: 340, II: 308n103.
231. Overy, “Strategic Intelligence,” 474, citing DGFP, series D, VI: 289–90 (chargé d’affaires in London Kordt to foreign ministry, April 19, 1939), 336 (Kordt to foreign ministry, April 26, 1939), 472–3 (Dirksen to foreign ministry, May 11); Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 197–8.
232. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 252–3 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 1, pap. 7, d. 63, l. 14–5: Litvinov to Merekalov, April 4, 1939), 268–9 (f. 011, op. 4, pap. 27, d. 61, l. 77–8: Merekalov’s reply, April 12, 1939). See also Bartel, “Aleksej Fedorovič Merekalov.” Litvinov’s Anglophilia has been exaggerated. It was always a means to an end—Soviet security—which he saw as solely possible with a collective security agreement against fascism. Phillips, Between the Revolution and the West, 21–2, 52–3.
