178. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 69; Ericson, Feeding the German Eagle, 143. At the time, the journalist William Shirer remarked upon Hitler’s dependency on Stalin: Berlin Diary, 173–4.
179. Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 459–62 (TsAMO, f. 23, op. 9181, d. 7, l. 17–23). See also Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 107–8, 119; Trial of the Major War Criminals, VII: 263 (Brauchitsch); Deitrich, The Hitler I Knew, 124–5; and Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, 306–7. Altogether, between 1937 and 1940, five military intelligence chiefs had been arrested: Uritsky, Berzin, Nikonov, Gendin, and Alexander G. Orlov; Proskurov would be arrested in 1941. Golikov (b. 1900), a former member of the flying “Red Eagles” of the civil war, had been a commander in the 1939 Polish campaign and Finnish Winter War; in summer 1940 he commanded the Sixth Army, based in Lvov. He had never worked in military intelligence before; no one had spoken with him prior to the announcement of his appointment on July 11, 1940. Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 718 (RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 71, l. 278–9), 719 (op. 15a, d. 496, l. 7: July 26, 1940). Military intelligence—officially the fifth department of the Red Army—was formally transferred to the army general staff, but Stalin had Golikov report directly to him. In 1939–1940, 326 new people were hired, the majority of whom did not know foreign languages and had little or no experience of the outside world. Lota, “Alta” protiv “Barbarossy,” 57.
180. DVP SSSR, XXIII/i: 546–7 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 2, pap. 15, d. 156, l. 96–8), 552–3 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 316, d. 2176, l. 180), 553–4 (l. 185–7).
181. Izvestiia, Sept. 3, 1940.
182. Fesiun, Delo Rikharda Zorge, 109 (Aug. 17, 1940); Lota, Sekretnyi front, 155–6. See also Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 443–5 (TsAMO, f. 23, op. 9171, d. 4, l. 61–9: July 20, 1940).
183. Naumov, 1941 god, I: 216–7; Schramm, Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommando, I: 973.
184. Fuehrer Conferences, 1940, II: 17–21, 22–23.
185. Cherkasov, IMEMO, 31–3 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 716, l. 26: facsimile of Stalin’s letter). Stalin was encouraging designs for bombers with payloads weighing a ton that could travel 2,000 miles, even 3,000, while the distance from Minsk to Berlin was all of 600 miles, and Vladivostok to Tokyo, 750. These weapons made sense only in terms of attacking far-off British colonies, and possibly the United States.
186. Bismarck, Mysli i vospominaniia. Mikhail Gefter, a professional historian who came upon Stalin’s pencil edits, deemed them “reasonable editing, pointing to quite a good taste and an understanding of history.” Gefter, Iz etikh i tekh let, 261–2. The Central Committee propaganda department was raised at this time to a directorate.
187. Malyshev, “Dnevnik narkoma,” 113; Na prieme, 312 (Malyshev wrongly dates it to Sept. 21).
188. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 188–9 (Ribbentrop to Schulenburg, Sept. 16, 1940), 198–9 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Sept. 26, 1940), 202 (text of German-Finnish diplomatic agreement on transit of German troops and equipment: Sept. 22, 1940), 201–2 (Ribbentrop to Tippelskirch, Oct. 2), 203–4 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Oct. 4).
189. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 247 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 5, d. 67, l. 28).
190. Iklé, German-Japanese Relations, 181–2 (citing International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Documents Presented in Evidence, exhibit 1215: privy council, Sept. 26, 1940); Chihiro, “Tripartite Pact 1939–1940,” and Ikuhiko, “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 191–257.
191. Hosoya Chihiro, “The Tripartite Pact 1939–1940,” “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 256 (citing Japanese Foreign Ministry archives, “Nichi-Doku-I sangoku jōyaku,” 228). In 1940, Japan celebrated the 2,600th anniversary of its empire, traced to mythical origins. Ruoff, Imperial Japan.
192. Trefousse, Germany and American Neutrality, 69.
193. Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, 24–5. “There is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies of the West.” Fest, Hitler, 589–90.
194. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 197–9 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Sept. 26, 1940).
195. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 136, citing NG–3074: 1–2 (memorandum).
