Stalin полностью

230. Berezhkov would meet Stalin in 1941. He would claim that in Berlin he observed “the same idolization of the ‘leader,’ the same mass rallies and parades . . . Very similar, ostentatious architecture, heroic themes depicted in art much like our socialist realism . . . massive ideological brainwashing,” but that he did not recognize this at the time (1940). Berezhkov, At Stalin’s Side, 7, 72.

231. Naumov, 1941 god, I: 311–4 (AVPRF, f. 06, op. 2, pap. 15, d. 157, l. 55–60), 316–7 (l. 61–2), 326–7 (APRF, f. 3, op. 64, d. 686, l. 120–4). Gorodetsky stresses the Balkan dimension: Grand Illusion, 67–75.

232. Bezymenskii, “Vizit V. M. Molotova v Berlin,” 125. Stalin, in the company of Molotov, had spent five full hours with the Turkish foreign minister, Şükrü Saraçoğlu, on Oct. 1, 1940, discussing a mutual assistance pact, which Turkey wanted, but only if Ankara was not obliged to act in the event of a Soviet conflict with Britain and France. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 12, 49–51.

233. All this information emanated from the Latvian journalist Berlings. Internally, Nazi circles had discussed how Hitler would try to push Moscow out of Europe and toward a clash with British interests in India. Sipols, Tainy, 273–4 (citing ADAP, XII/i: 255, XI/i: 212–3).

234. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 248 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 7, d. 342, l. 21).

235. Stalin also stated, “We are not prepared for the sort of air war being waged between Germany and England.” Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 131–4 (italics and ellipsis in the original). On Stalin feeling alone, especially with the weight of military matters, see also Khrushchev, Memoirs, I: 273. See also Genkina, Bor’ba za Tsaritsyn; and Melikov, Geroicheskaia oborona Tsaritsyna, which was reissued in 1940.

236. Nevezhin, Zastol’ia, 291 (no citation); Nevezhin personal communication.

237. Naumov, 1941 god, I: 349–51 (APRF, f. 36, op. 1, d. 1161, l. 147–55); Bezymenskii, “Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi.” See also “Poezdka Molotova v Berlin v noiabre 1940 g.”

238. Ehrenburg, Post-War Years, 276–8; Fischer, Life and Death of Stalin, 56; Phillips, Between the Revolution and the West, 166–7.

239. The rumor had been that Litvinov would be tried as a British-U.S. spy. Vaksberg, Alexandra Kollontai, 407; Gnedin, Katastrofa i votoroe rozhdenie, 148–51; Vaksberg, Hôtel Lux, 154–7.

240. Artizov et al., Reabilitatsiia: kak eto bylo, II: 499 (Beria’s Aug. 1953 interrogation).

241. Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 121 (Nov. 7, 1939).

242. Cripps had continued to try to see Molotov and had finally done so on Aug. 7, 1940. But when Cripps had broached the possibility of a British-Soviet nonaggression pact, Molotov made no direct reply. Internally, Cripps continued to urge his own government to recognize Soviet annexations of the Baltic states. Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 74–90.

243. Churchill, Second World War, I: 353 (Oct. 1, 1939).

244. Halifax wrote to A. V. Alexander, the First Sea Lord at this time: “If there were reason to think that immediate recognition would cause an appreciable change in Soviet policy towards us, I might have felt inclined to recommend a derogation in this case from the general principle that political changes produced during this war and as a consequence of the war situation should not be recognized pending the final peace settlement.” Hanak, “Sir Stafford Cripps,” 65.

245. Hanak, “Sir Stafford Cripps,” 66 (citing TNA, FO 371/29464 1604: Oct. 22, 1940). “I think we have managed to avoid losing this war,” confided Harold Nicolson in a private letter of Nov. 8, 1940. “But when I think how on earth we are going to win it, my imagination quails.” Overy, Battle of Britain, 113, citing Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 126 (to Vita Sackville).

246. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, I: 492–4.

247. Solodovnikov, “My byli molodye togda,” 209. Solodovnikov deemed the Bolshoi’s Yakov Leontyev, who served as impresario at the banquets in the St. George’s Hall for the Ten-Days, “a person of tremendous charm, with vast experience, deeply cultured” (207–8).

248. Osborn, Operation Pike, 210 (citing Cripps to Distribution B, nos. 985 and 986, Nov. 12, 1940, N7165/40/38 and N7166/40/38, FO 371/24848); Woodward, British Foreign Policy, I: 495–6; Hanak, “Sir Stafford Cripps,” 66.