255. Kosheleva, Pis’ma Stalina Molotovu, 178–9 (Aug. 2, 1930); Lih et al., Stalin’s Letters to Molotov, 199–200; Kommunist, no. 11 (1990): 96 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 5275, l. 1). In Oct., after Stalin returned from holiday, he sacked Pyatakov from the state bank.
256. Stalin singled out the tsarist-era economists Vladimir Groman and Nikolai Kondratiev (of “long wave” fame), insisted they were linked to Bukharin, Tomsky, and Rykov, and wrote that “Kondratiev, Groman and a few other scoundrels must definitely be shot.” Kosheleva, Pis’ma Stalina Molotovu, 193–6; Lih et al., Stalin’s Letters to Molotov, 200–1 (Aug. 6), 201n8 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 793, l. 3).
257. Kosheleva, Pis’ma Stalina Molotovu, 211–3 (Sept. 2, 1930); Lih et al., Stalin’s Letters to Molotov, 210–1. Stalin worried whether the trial would come off as scripted (“Are we ready for this? Do we consider it necessary to take the ‘case’ to trial?”). Finally, in March 1931, fourteen members of a supposed Menshevik party were publicly tried and convicted of attempting to restore their party and overthrow the Soviet regime. Litvin, Men’shevistskii protsess 1931 goda; Menshevik Trial. See also Evdoshenko, “Delo neftianikov-’vreditelei’ 1929–1931 gg.,” 331–89.
258. Kosheleva, Pis’ma Stalina Molotovu, 216–8 (Sept. 13, 1930), 218, n2 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 798, l. 12); Lih et al., Stalin’s Letters to Molotov, 213–5.
259. Pravda, Sept. 25, 1930; Sevost’ianov et al., “Sovershenno sekretno,” VIII/ii: 1184–5 (TsA FSB, f. 2, op. 8, d. 658, l. 106–12: Sept. 28, 1930).
260. RGANI, f. 89, op. 48, d. 1, Hoover Institution Archives; Prystaiko and Shapoval, Sprava “Spilky Vzvolennaia Ukrainy,” 236; Sevost’ianov et al., “Sovershenno sekretno,” VIII/ii: 1148 (TsA FSB, f. 2, op. 8, por. 435, l. 169–241: late May 1930).
261. ‘voeno-fashistskii zagovor,’ 103–4; Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i voenno-fashistskii zagovor,” at 247–8.
262. Minakov, Voennaia elita, 114–5.
263. Isserson, “Sud’ba polkovodtsa,” 189 (Todorovsky, head of Red Army training). The book in question was Triandafillov, Kharakter operatsii sovremennoi armii. Triandafillov, an ethnic Greek who had been born (1894) in tsarist Kars province (later ceded to Turkey), would die in a military plane crash in a fog on July 12, 1931. The politburo forbade the regime’s highest officials from flying. Stalin would not get on an airplane until 1943.
264. Aptekar’ and Uspenskii, Marshal M.N. Tukhachevskii (RGVA, f. 7, op. 10, d. 1047, l. 2–8ob., Jan. 11, 1930); Ken, Mobilizatsionnoe planirovanie, 91–3 (l. 10ob.–140b, 22–3: Shaposhnikov analysis, Feb. 15). See also Biriuzov, “Predislovie,” 12; Erickson, Soviet High Command (3rd ed.), 326–30, 349–57; and Ken, Mobilizatsionnoe planiriovanie, 83.
265. Ken, Mobilizatsionnoe planirovanie, 97 n7, 8 (RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 10, l. 125: Voroshilov to Stalin, March 5, 1930).
266. Samuelson, Soviet Defence Industry Planning, 126 (RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 155: March 5, 1930). Voroshilov was angling for greater military expenditures. Pravda, Feb. 23, 1930.
267. Ken, “‘Moia otsenka byla slyshkom rezkoi,’” 150–1 (RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 38, l. 58: March 23, 1930); Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 113. See also Stone, “Tukhachevskii in Leningrad,” 1379; Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine, 99–112. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 446, l. 13–18.
268. On Aug. 14, the OGPU arrested a former tsarist colonel, Ivan Troitsky, who taught at the Frunze Military Academy and called himself “the agitator for Tukhachevsky’s achievements,” and, on Aug. 19, Nikolai Kakurin, a former tsarist staff officer who had served in various White armies but gone over to the Reds, taught at the military academy, too, and fought under Tukhachevsky’s command. Olga Zajonczkowska-Popova—the daughter of the former tsarist general and nobleman Andrzej Zajonchkowski, who had died in 1926 and had served as a secret-police informant—was herself a secret police informant, making use of her famous father’s name to mix in the highest military circles, and she had denounced Kakurin, who was her first cousin. Tinchenko, Golgofa, 114–5 (citing GA SBU, fl. D. 67093, t. 54, delo Kakurina N. E.: 40).
