Summerfolk полностью

103. See, e.g., “‘ . . . I kazhdyi vecher za shlagbaumami . . .’” Servants were often employed in city apartments in the 1920s and 1930s by working couples with children, and at the dacha they may have been even more commonly encountered (because the need for child care was greater, given the prolonged absences of parents in the city, and because the labor pool—peasant women—was closer at hand).

104. Irina Chekhovskikh’s interviews, no. 2, 6. (See “Note on Sources.”).

105. Bonner, Dochki-materi, 184–85.

106. E. S. Bulgakova, Dnevnik (Moscow, 1990).

107. The number of suburban passengers was reported to have gone up by 39.3% from 1931 to 1932 (“V poezde na dachu,” VKG, 22 Mar. 1933, 4).

108. The problems (as well as the achievements) are registered in A. I. Kuznetsov, “Arkhitekturnye problemy planirovki prigorodnoi zony,” Stroitel’stvo Moskvy, no. 21–22 (1940), 3–7.

109. P. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona i problema otdykha naseleniia Moskvy,” Sotsialisticheskii gorod, no. 5 (1936), 16–21.

110. no. V. Baburov, “Prigorodnaia zona Moskvy,” Stroitel’stvo Moskvy, no. 12 (1935), 27–31. The same author reiterates his agenda with a view to the third five-year plan in “Osvoenie lesoparkovoi zony,” Stroitel’stvo Moskvy, no. 9 (1937), 17–18.

111. See BSE, 1st ed., s.v. “Dacha.” By effectively redefining “dacha” as any form of suburban habitation, this entry made the claim that “up to 84%” of people living in dachas were “toilers.”

112. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona,” 17.

113. TsMAM, f. 1956, op. 1, d. 10, l. 1. This picture of the dacha’s class profile is confirmed by the available lists of cooperative members (assembled ibid., dd. 26, 27, 28).

114. In one Pravda commentary, for example, the growth of dacha settlements was seen as indicative of the “enormous demand for a dacha by people who previously couldn’t even have dreamed of it,” and hence of the rising cultural level of Soviet society: see “Dacha,” Pravda, 23 Apr. 1935, 3.

115. Ia. M. Belitskii, Okrest Moskvy (Moscow, 1996), 22.

116. I.N. Sergeev, Tsaritsyno. Sukhanovo: Liudi, sobytiia, fakty (Moscow, 1998), 80–81.

117. N. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope: A Memoir, trans. M. Hayward (London, 1971), 293.

118. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona,” 17.

119. Muscovites away at the dacha between 15 Apr. and 30 Sept. retained rights to their living space in the city and were also entitled to sublet this space for the summer, as long as the prices asked were not “extortionate” (spekuliativnye): see “Nakanune dachnogo sezona,” VM, 9 May 1933, 1.

120. VKG, 15 May 1932, 4.

121. “Na dachu! Novyi poriadok naima dach!” VM, 12 May 1932, 3. This policy had to be reiterated in the press the following year, because peasants were unwilling to believe that it remained in force (see “V mae na dachu. L’goty ostaiutsia,” VM, 30 Apr. 1933, 2).

122. “Skol’ko platit’ za dachu?” VKG, 7 Apr. 1932, 2.

123. A. Vetrov, “Kontsert v dachnom poezde: Obraztsovyi prigorodnyi poezd,” VM, 4 Apr. 1934, 3.

124. M. Iv., “Dachnikov eto interesuet!” VKG, 23 May 1933, 2. In 1935 it was estimated that dacha areas needed to be supplied with 20 tons of bread daily (“Chto zhdet dachnika?” VKG, 16 May 1935, 3). For a survey of supply problems in Moscow dacha locations, see V. Starov, “Ot dachnika trebuiut podvigov, a on ishchet otdykha,” VM, 27 Apr. 1933, 2.

125. D. Maslianenko, “Dachnye kontrabandisty,” VKG, 2 June 1935, 3.

126. “Kаk perevezti veshchi na dachu?” VM, 22 Apr. 1935, 2.

127. A rhymed reflection on the imperfection of the Lisii Nos development is A. Flit, “Razmyshlenie na Lis’em nosu,” VKG, 3 June 1933, 2.

128. A. Kagan, “‘Samostroi,’” VKG, 28 Mar. 1935, 3.

129. I. Girbasova, “Sem’ia Stroit dachu,” VKG, 26 Apr. 1935, 3.

130. A. Gerb, “Dacha v lesu,” VM, 3 July 1935, 2.

131. V. Paperny, “Men, Women, and the Living Space,” in Brumfield and Ruble, Russian Housing, 162. Some published materials of the 1930s called for increased public coverage of dacha construction projects and for greater architectural experimentation. One article recommended hexagonal clusters instead of the usual rectilinear street plans of dacha settlements: see V. P. Kalmykov, “Dachnye poselki,” Sovetskaia arkhitektura, no. 1 (1934), 46–51. The same article criticized the “architectural conservatism” of the izba-style dacha.