On the phenomenon of the intelligentsia, there is an informative collection of essays edited by George B. de Huszar, The Intellectuals (London and Glencoe, Ill., 1960). There exists no satisfactory history of the Russian intelligentsia in the twentieth century. On the Socialists-Revolutionaries, there is Manfred Hildermeier’s Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands [The Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party] (Köln-Vienna, 1978). On the Social-Democrats, the reader may consult Leonard Schapiro’s The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960) and John L. H. Keep’s The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963). On the early liberals, Shmuel Galai has written The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge, 1973). The four-volume Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka [Public Currents in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century] (St. Petersburg, 1910–14), edited by Martov and other Mensheviks, provides an intelligent if partisan survey. Revolutionary terrorism is recounted in A. Spiridovich’s Histoire du Terrorisme Russe, 1886–1917 (Paris, 1930). My two-volume biography, Struve: Liberal on the Left (1870–1905) (Cambridge, Mass., 1970) and Struve: Liberal on the Right (1905–1944) (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), deals with an outstanding Russian intellectual of the age who evolved from Marxism to liberalism and ended up as a monarchist.
The first Russian Revolution is the subject of Abraham Ascher’s The Revolution of 1905 (Stanford, Calif., 1988); a sequel, dealing with 1906, is in progress. Andrew M. Verner’s Nicholas II and the Role of the Autocrat during the First Russian Revolution, 1904–1907, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1986, supplies much archival information on tsarist policies.
The 1906 Fundamental Laws are translated and analyzed in M. Szeftel’s The Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906 (Brussels, 1976).
The Duma period is discussed in G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment (Cambridge, 1973). The best history of Stolypin’s administration, alas, is available only in Polish: Ludwig Bazylow, Ostatnie lata Rosji Carskiej: Rzady Stolypina [The Final Years of Tsarism: The Rule of Stolypin], (Warsaw, 1972). Stolypin’s peasant policies are the subject of S. M. Dubrovskii’s Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma [Stolypin’sAgrarian Reform] (Moscow, 1963). Materials on his assassination have been collected by A. Serebrennikov, Ubiistvo Stolypina: svidetel’stva i dokumenty [The Murder of Stolypin: Testimonies and Documents] (New York, 1986).
