The Storm Before the Storm полностью

ALL MODERN BOOKS about ancient Rome derive from the corpus of surviving ancient literary texts (with crucial gaps filled in by archaeology, numismatics, and epigraphy). Writing about Rome is akin to creating a mosaic from fragments of tile left in disorganized chaos after two thousand years of admirable, but still inadequate, storage and maintenance. The mosaic of the period 146 to 78 BC is built around four principal authors: Appian, Plutarch, Sallust, and Cicero. But surrounding those four principal sources, critical details are filled in by other Greek and Roman historians, scholars, and commentators. To give the reader a clear sense of how our knowledge of the ancient world is pieced together, the endnotes focus on the ancient literary sources. A reference table and explanation for how to read the notes is included. Hopefully the reader will be encouraged to discover the joy of studying the ancient masters for themselves.

PROLOGUE

1. Polyb. i.1.

2. Polyb. xxxviii.21–22; App. Pun. xix.132; Diod. xxxii.24.

3. Paus. vii.16.7–10; Strabo viii.6.23; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.87, Off. i.35; Flor. i.32.16; Livy 52.

4. Polyb. vi.57; Sall. Cat. 10, Jug. 41; Vell. Pat. ii.1; Flor. i.1; Oros. v.3.

5. Livy i.4–7; Plut. Rom. 3–12; Diony. i.75–88; Diod. viii.3–6; Dio i.5; Flor. i.1.6–8; Oros. ii.4; Vell. Pat. i.8; App. Reg i.2; Strabo v.3.2.

6. CAH VII.2 ch. 2.

7. Livy i.8, 19–20, 42–44, 58–60; Diony. ii.4–16, 63–74, iv.13–23, 64–85; Plut. Rom. 13, Num. 8–13, Pub. 1; Flor. i.1–2, 6.

8. Quote: Appian BC i.1. See also: Livy ii-iii; Flor. i.4.

9. Livy ii.31–33, 56–57, iii.6, 55; Plut. Cor. 6–7; Diony. vi.45–90; Dio iv.14–15.

10. See Hölkeskamp, Reconstructing the Roman Republic, ch. 2.

11. Livy viii-x; Diony. xv-xvii; Diod. xix.76, 101; Dio viii; App. Samn.; Flor. i.11.16–12.17; Strabo vi.4.2; Oros. iii.15, 21–22.

12. Diod. xix.103–110, xx.10, 17–18, 38, 40, 43, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 69.

13. Polyb. ii-iii, xii-xii, xv; Livy xxi-xxx; App. Han. i-ix, Pun. i-vii, Iber. i-ii; Plut. Fab. Max. 2–16, Marc.; Diod. xxiii-xxvii; Strabo iii.6, vi.4.2; Dio ix- xvii; Flor. i.13.18, 22.6.33–34; Vell. Pat. i.6; Oros. iv.6–19.

14. Polyb. xv.17–18; Livy xxx.16, 37–38, 43–44; App. Pun. viii-ix; Diod. xxxii.4.4; Dio xvii.

15. Quote: Livy xxxiii.32. Second Macedonian War: Polyb. xv.20–25, xvi.1–12, 22, 24–35, 38, xviii.1–12, 18–27, 34–48; Livy xxxi.1–47, xxxii.3–25, 32–40, xxxiii.2–21, 27–35; Plut. Flam.; App. Mac. i.2–4; Diod. xxviii, xxxi.8; Dio xviii; Flor. i.23.7; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2.

16. Livy xxx-xli; App. Iber.vii.38–43; Plut. Cato Maj. 10; Diod. xxix.26; Strabo iii.13, vi.4.2; Dio xviii; Flor. i.33.17.

17. Aemilianus’s birthdate is deduced from Livy xliv.44; Diod. xxx.22; Cic. Rep. vi.12.

18. The Third Macedonian War: Polyb. xxii.18, xxv.3, xxvii.1–11, 14–16, xviii.3–17, xxix.3–11, 14–19; Livy xli.19, 22–26, xlii.5–6, 10–19, 24–26, 29–32, 36–67, xliii.18–23, xliv.1–42; App. Mac.; Paus. 7.10; Diod. xxix.27–34, xxx.1–12, 19–21; Dio xx; Flor. i.28.12; Oros. iv.20; Vell. Pat. i.9.

19. Livy xix-xxxviii, xli-xlv; Polyb. xv-xvi, xviii, xxii, xxv, xxvii-xxx; App. Mac. i.2–5; Plut. Flam., Cato Maj.; Diod. xxviii-xxxi; Dio xx, xvii-xix, xxx-xxxi; Vell. Pat. i.9; Flor. i.23.7, 24.8, 28.12; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2, viii.7.3; Paus. 7.10.

20. Polyb. xxviii.6, 12, xxxi.23.

21. Polyb. xxxi.23–25; Diod. xxxi.26.

22. Polyb. vi.1.

23. Polyb. vi.5–9.

24. Polyb. vi.12, 15; Livy ii.1; Strabo v.7; CAH IX ch. 2.

25. Livy ii.18, iii.29, xxiii.22, xxxiii.2; Diony. v.70–7; Cic. Rep. i.63, ii.56, Leg. iii.9; App. BC i.3; Dio iv.13; Flor. i.5.11, i.26; CAH IX ch. 2.

26. Polyb. vi.13, 16; CAH IX ch. 2.

27. Polyb. vi.14, 17; Livy i.36, 43; CAH IX ch. 2.

28. See all of Polyb. vi.

29. Livy vi.36–42, vii.1; Flor. i.17.22–26.

30. Livy iv.43, vii.1 xxiii.41, xxxiii.42, xxxix.7, lxii.6, lxiv.7, lxv.13; Polyb. vi.12–13, 31; Tac. Ann. xi.22; Ulp. Dig. i.13.pr; Cic. Verr. ii.1.37, Flacc. 30, Att. ii.6.2, Phil. ix.16.

31. Cic. Leg. iii.7, Verr. v.14, Fam. viii.6, Phil. ix.17, Har. Resp. 27; Livy iii.6, 55, vii.1, xxxvi.50, 56, xl.44; Diony. vi.90, vii.26, xxxv.3–4; Fest. 258–9; Plut. Caes. 5.

32. Cic. Leg. iii.8; Livy vi.42, vii.1. Mummius elected praetor: Diod. xxxi.42; App. Iber. x.56.

33. Diod. xxxi.39–40; Livy Per. 47; Flor. i.33.17–18.

34. App. Iber. x.56–57. See also: Livy i.35.

35. Polyb. xxxv.5, xxxvi.8; App. Iber. 53–54, Pun. 102–104; Diod. xxxii.8; Livy Per. 48–49; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.33.17.

36. Quote: Plut. Cato Maj. 27. See also: App. Pun. x.69; Plut. Cato Maj. 26; Vell. Pat. i.13; Flor. i.31.15.

37. App. Pun. x.74-xiii.94, xvi.112; Polyb. xxxvi.3–7; Diod. xxxii.1–3, 6–9; Dio xxi; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.31.15; Oros. vi.22; Livy Per. 49–51.

38. Paus. vii.15.1. Last novus homo was M. Acilius Glabrio (cos. 191): Livy xxxvii.57.