Yeltsin полностью

59 V. A. Kolosov, N. V. Petrov, and L. V. Smirnyagin, Vesna 89: geografiya i anatomiya parlamentskikh vyborov (Spring of 1989: the geography and anatomy of the parliamentary elections) (Moscow: Progress, 1990), 225.

60 Ibid., 218–20.

61 Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire, 210.

62 All quotations from Tret’yakov, “Fenomen Yel’tsina” (italics added).

63 Muzykantskii interview. In Yeltsin’s absence, reformist candidates distributed materials playing up their links with him.

64 Yel’tsin, Ispoved’, 170; V Politbyuro TsK KPSS . . . (In the Politburo of the CPSU) (Moscow: Gorbachev-Fond, 2006), 482. Ligachëv told the Politburo he would be happy to speak out against Yeltsin at the party plenum or the congress, but other members counseled against it. Gorbachev sounded nervous about a confrontation.

65 V Politbyuro TsK KPSS, 489.

66 On the agreement by Yeltsin’s unnamed representative, see Sukhanov, Tri goda, 84. Vitalii Tret’yakov, who has excellent sources of information, is convinced Yeltsin all the while hoped to challenge Gorbachev for the position. Tret’yakov, “Sverdlovskii vyskochka,” part 7, 106–9.

67 Popov describes his intervention, without mentioning Gorbachev’s waffling, in Snova v oppozitsii (In opposition again) (Moscow: Galaktika, 1994), 66. The other details are in Alexei Kazannik, “Boris Yeltsin: From Triumph to Fall,” Moscow News, June 2, 2004.

68 As an alternative, Gorbachev offered him the chair of the People’s Control Committee of the USSR, a monitoring organization most reformers considered superfluous. It would have required Yeltsin to give up his parliamentary seat. He declined, preferring, Gorbachev says, “to take upon himself the functions of leader of the opposition in the parliament” (Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, 1:458). The job went to Yeltsin’s former Sverdlovsk colleague, Gennadii Kolbin.

69 Andrei Karaulov, Vokrug Kremlya: kniga politicheskikh dialogov (Around the Kremlin: a book of political dialogues), 114–15. Another mark of the committee’s low status was that until December 1989 its offices were in the Moskva Hotel, not in a government building.

70 Vladimir Mezentsev, “Okruzhentsy” (Entourage), part 3, Rabochaya tribuna, March 28, 1995.

71 “Yeltsin Discusses Candidacy, Issues, Rivals,” FBIS-SOV-91-110 (June 7, 1991), 61.

72 Andrei Sakharov, Gor’kii, Moskva, daleye vezde (Gorky, Moscow, after that everywhere) (New York: Izdatel’stvo imeni Chekhova, 1990), 169. Sakharov (170–71) writes of Yeltsin hogging the microphone at a rally organized by the dissident group Moscow Tribune.

73 Edward Kline, interview with the author (February 15, 2007). Sakharov told Kline he only had one serious conversation with Yeltsin.

74 Shapovalenko in August 1991 was to be designated presidential representative to Orenburg oblast. He was one of only three presidential representatives in the provinces to survive Yeltsin’s two terms. Pëtr Akonov, “Sud’ba komissarov” (Fate of the commissars), Izvestiya, August 23, 2001.

75 Viktor Sheinis, Vzlët i padeniye parlamenta: perelomnyye gody v rossiiskoi politike, 1985–1993 (The rise and fall of parliament: years of change in Russian politics, 1985–93) (Moscow: Moskovskii Tsentr Karnegi, Fond INDEM, 2005), 229–31. Yeltsin’s cause was also strongly supported by the environmentalist Aleksei Yablokov and by Il’ya Zaslavskii, an advocate for the disabled.

76 Yevgenii Savast’yanov, a Sakharov camp follower who attended the Interregional meetings, interview with the author (June 9, 2000). Also Bortsov and Lantseva interviews and interviews with Yelena Bonner, Sakharov’s widow (March 13, 2001), Mikhail Poltoranin (July 11, 2001), and Gavriil Popov (June 1, 2001).

77 Arkadii Murashov, interview with the author (September 13, 2000). Yeltsin complained openly about the group’s disorganization and “endless meetings and consultations.” “Yeltsin Interviewed by Sovetskaya molodëzh’,” FBIS-SOV-90-021 (January 31, 1990), 73).

78 In addition to those mentioned in the text, Stankevich interview and interviews with Yurii Ryzhov (June 7, 2000) and Mark Zakharov (June 4, 2002).

79 Popov interview.

80 Yeltsin expressed approval of foreign investment in the USSR but, just weeks before the fall of the Berlin Wall, also gave a favorable assessment of economic change in East Germany. To a young Harvard economist at the meeting, Yeltsin showed “all the dissatisfaction with the sclerotic Soviet system but no clue about any market anything.” Lawrence H. Summers, interview with the author (November 25, 2005).