17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

Isaacson, Kissinger, p. 70. A biography published in 2004 states that the CIA’s hand in funding the Summer School was “unknown to Kissinger at the time.”

Jussi Hanhimaki, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 6.

13. “I have not had them made out in triplicate,” Elliott went on to inform Lloyd in his letter of November 15, referring to the “papers for Mr. Kissinger.” “If that is necessary, I suggest that they be typed there and I will have him sign the extra copies. May I ask that all possible expedition should be given to these papers.”

William Elliott to H. Gates Lloyd, 15 November 1950, box 110, folder CIA, Elliott Papers.

14. William Elliott to Frank Wisner, 16 July 1951, box 110, folder CIA, Elliott Papers. There is also evidence to suggest that Kissinger was an FBI contact at Harvard. See Isaacson, Kissinger, pp. 70–71.

15. For details of Yale’s multifarious intelligence connections, see Robin W. Winks, Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996).

16. John Cavanagh, “Dulles Papers Reveal CIA Consulting Network,” Forerunner, 29 April 1980.

17. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy, 3rd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 153.

18. On the communist student campaign and the first stirrings of western opposition to it, see Jöel Kotek, Students and the Cold War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996).

On British measures, see Richard J. Aldrich, “Putting Culture into the Cold War:

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The Cultural Relations Department (CRD) and British Covert Information Warfare,” in Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam, eds., The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–1960 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), pp. 109–133.

19. See contents of box 127, folder International Team, Miscellaneous, United States National Student Association Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

In 1967, lawyer Frederic Delano Houghteling, a cousin of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and former NSA officer, described to the New York Times how in 1950, following a late-night assignation with CIA officers on a country road outside Madison, he had visited two “wealthy citizens” in Chicago (one of whom he recognized as an acquaintance of his father’s) who passed him several thousand dollars to finance a trip by twelve U.S. students to an international meeting in Europe. It seems reasonable to assume that the two citizens, not identified by Houghteling, were Brittingham and Bell. Roy Reed, “Ex-Student Describes Intrigue in Getting CIA Loan in ’50,” New York Times, 17 February 1967, 16.

20. Quoted in Karen Paget, “From Stockholm to Leiden: The CIA’s Role in the Formation of the International Student Conference,” in Scott-Smith and Krabbendam, eds., Cultural Cold War in Europe, p. 144. Paget generally is a source of excellent detail on HIACOM and the buildup to the Stockholm conference.

21. Paget, “Stockholm to Leiden,” p. 143.

22. Erskine B. Childers to Shirley Neizer, 11 December 1950, box 127, folder International Team, Miscellaneous, NSA Papers.

23. Allard Lowenstein to Dean Acheson, n.d. [probably September 1950], 28.174, Allard K. Lowenstein Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

24. Quoted in NSA pamphlet “A New Role for the American Student: Reports from Stockholm, Southeast Asia, United States,” 1951, 28.183, Lowenstein Papers.

25. Herbert Eisenberg to Executive Committee, NSA, “Results of Conference in Brief/Effect of Lowenstein’s Speech,” 24 December 1950, box 1, folder ISC Conference, Stockholm 1950, NSA Papers.

26. For more on the Dominican Committee, see below, chap. 8, and William H.

Chafe, Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism (New York: Basic Books, 1993), pp. 256–259. See also ibid., chap. 6, for a discussion of charges that Lowenstein’s activities in South Africa were financed by the CIA. Chafe’s biography is generally sympathetic toward its subject. Richard Cummings, The Pied Piper: Allard K. Lowenstein and the Liberal Dream (New York: Grove Press, 1985) is more hostile.

27. Allard Lowenstein, statement on the NSA and CIA, 1967, 133.51, Lowenstein Papers.

28. Quoted in Cummings, Pied Piper, p. 67, and Chafe, Never Stop Running, p. 254.

29. Robert Kiley, Columbia University Oral History Project, 1990, addition 3.1,

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