54. See Wilford, CIA, British Left, and Cold War, chaps. 6 and 8. A number of other recent studies of CCF activities focus on particular countries. See, for example, Pierre Grémion, Intelligence de L’Anticommunisme: Le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture à Paris (1950–75) (Paris: Fayard, 1995); Michael Hochgeschwender, Freiheit in der Offensive? Der Kongress für kulturelle Beziehungen und die Deutschen (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998); John D. McLaren, Writing in Hope and Fear: Literature as Politics in Postwar Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Ingeborg Philipsen, “Out of Tune: The Congress for Cultural Freedom in Denmark, 1953–1960,” in Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam, eds., The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–1960 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), pp. 237–253; Margery Sabin, “The Politics of Cultural Freedom: India in the 1950s,” Raritan 14 (1995): 45–65; and Tity de Vries, “The Absent Dutch: Dutch Intellectuals and the Congress for Cultural Freedom,” in Scott-Smith and Krabbendam, eds., Cultural Cold War, pp. 254–266.
55. Quoted in Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? pp. 248–249.
56. Stephen Spender to Michael Josselson, 22 October 1953, 94.7, International Association for Cultural Freedom/Congress for Cultural Freedom Papers, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.
57. Meyer Schapiro to Irving Kristol, 22 October 1952, 7.35, American Committee for Cultural Freedom Papers, Tamiment Institute Library, New York University.
58. Winks, Cloak and Gown, p. 327.
59. The phrase is Clement Greenberg’s, quoted in Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?
p. 259.
60. See contents of 58.599, Nelson Rockefeller Papers.
61. For more on Militant Liberty, see Osgood, Total Cold War, pp. 314–321.
62. Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? p. 286; Eric Johnston, “What They Say About Us,” April 1961, box 9, folder Johnston, Eric, “What They Say About Us,” Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers’ Collection, Margaret Her-rick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Beverly Hills, California.
63. C. D. Jackson to Governor Sherman Adams, 19 January 1954, 1.A, C. D. Jackson Records, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
64. Quoted in Wilford, CIA, British Left, and Cold War, p. 58.
65. For more on the backgrounds of de Rochemont and the Psychological Warfare Workshop officers involved in the project, see Daniel J. Leab, “The American Government and the Filming of George Orwell’s Animal Farm in the 1950s,”
Media History 12 (2006): 133–155.
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283
66. A number of books have made the claim that, for granting the rights to the film, Sonia Blair was rewarded with an introduction to one of her favorite Hollywood stars, Clark Gable. See, for example, Thomas, Best Men, p. 33. However, a letter among the personal papers of Louis de Rochemont suggests that in fact Orwell’s widow wanted to meet Bob Hope. Louis de Rochemont to E. H. “Dutch” Ellis, 25 April 1951, 8.4, Louis de Rochemont Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.
67. For further reflection on the reasons why de Rochemont hired Halas and Batchelor, see Tony Shaw, British Cinema and the Cold War (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001), pp. 95–96.
68. The figure of $300,000 is repeated in several documents in the de Rochemont collection, including Louis de Rochemont to Joseph Bryan and Finis Farr, 28 July 1951, 8.5, de Rochemont Papers.
69. Shaw, British Cinema, p. 96; Daniel J. Leab, “Animators and Animals: John Halas, Joy Batchelor, and George Orwell’s Animal Farm, ” Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 25 (2005): 238–239.
70. E. Howard Hunt, Undercover: Memoirs of a Secret Agent ([New York]: Berkley Publishing Co., 1974), p. 70.
71. See Louis de Rochemont to anon., 21 January 1952, 8.5, de Rochemont Papers.
“We might as well face up to the fact that our financial backers are more than worried about the picture’s editorial content,” de Rochemont wrote a colleague in his production company. “This stems from the fact that some friends of theirs who are supposed to be experts in psychological warfare are convinced that in its present form the picture will not only be misunderstood but all of us will be accused of propagandizing for socialism.”
72. Quoted in Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? p. 294; Lothar Wolff to John Halas, 28
February 1952, 8.5, de Rochemont Papers.
