17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

5. An extensive academic literature now exists concerning the links between African independence, the civil rights movement, and the Cold War. There is also a growing body of writing about overt U.S. cultural diplomacy in Africa, especially the State Department–sponsored tours of “jazz ambassadors” such as Duke Ellington and Dizzy Gillespie. This chapter represents the first scholarly attempt to document this effort’s covert dimension. See, for example, Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Mary L.

Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Brenda Gayle Plummer, ed., Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945–1968 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Penny M. Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004).

6. For more on the pan-African movement, see Ronald Walters, Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993).

7. For more on the trials of the CAA, see Von Eschen’s excellent account, Race against Empire.

8. John Davis to Martin Kilson, 25 April 1962, 6.2, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University.

9. Anon., Council on Race and Caste in World Affairs, n.d., 20.1, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

10. For more on the emergence of this new set of attitudes toward Africa, see Von Eschen, Race against Empire, chap. 7.

11. Von Eschen, Satchmo, p. 157.

12. See the judicious discussion of Wright’s complex relationship with the African liberation struggle in Kevin K. Gaines, American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), chap. 2. On the French African circle around Présence Africaine, see V. Y.

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Mudimbe, The Surreptitious Speech: Présence Africaine and the Politics of Other-ness, 1947–1987 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

13. Rowley, Richard Wright, p. 363.

14. Borstelmann, Cold War and Color Line, p. 96; Plummer, Rising Wind, p. 254.

15. Telegrams of 8 May 1956 and 17 May 1956, quoted in Rowley, Richard Wright, p. 474. Wright was also in touch with Michael Josselson of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (and CIA). See Campbell, Exiled in Paris, p. 192.

16. “The Origin and Nature of the American Society of African Culture,” enclosed with form letter by James T. Harris, Jr., 21 May 1958, box A197, folder Leagues and Organizations: AMSAC, Part III, General Office File, 1956–1965, NAACP

Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. My thanks to Joe Street for providing me with a copy of this document.

17. Richard Wright to John Davis, 1 August 1956, 17.36, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

18. See John Davis to Horace Mann Bond, 15 August 1956, 36.111A, Horace Mann Bond Papers, W. E. B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Bond was also president of the Institute of African-American Relations (later, the African-American Institute), another U.S. instrument of cultural diplomacy in Africa with links to the CIA. See Wayne J. Urban, Black Scholar: Horace Mann Bond, 1904–1972 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), pp. 158–