17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

Intelligence

and

Counterintelligence 8 (1995): 434.

79. Adelaide Cromwell Hill to Members of Board of AMSAC, 24 February 1967, 33.19, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

80. Walker interview.

81. John Davis to Charles L. Frankel, 9 June 1967, 32.90E, Bond Papers. See, for example, James Harris to John Davis, Report on Accra Conference, 18 December 1958, 1.23, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

82. Walker interview.

83. Adelaide Cromwell Hill to Members of Board of AMSAC, 24 February 1967.

84. While in Nairobi, Malcolm had a chance encounter with two members of a tour-ing party sent by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, another U.S. civil rights organization interested in Africa and increasingly drawn to black nationalism. See Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 136–138.

85. For more details on the launch of the ANLCA, see Francis Njubi Nesbitt, Race for Sanctions: African Americans against Apartheid, 1946–1994 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), pp. 44–49.

86. There are other similarities between the CIA’s labor operations in Africa and South America, including the creation in 1964 of the African-American Labor Center as a “counterpart . . . to the American Institute for Free Labor Development.” Barry Cohen, “The CIA and African Trade Unions,” in Ellen Ray et al., eds., Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa (Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart, 1979), p. 73.

The African-American Labor Center was run for the first decade of its existence by Lovestoneite Irving Brown.

87. James Farmer, Freedom—When? (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 134.

88. Quoted in Dan Schechter, Michael Ansara, and David Kolodney, “The CIA as an Equal Opportunity Employer,” in Ray et al., Dirty Work 2, p. 64.

89. Farmer, Freedom—When? p. 133.

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90. See Calvin Raullerson to James Farmer, 29 December 1964, 8.31, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

91. Carl Rowan to John Davis, 14 December 1964, 8.31, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

92. “Generally, the idea of the Farmer trip is to give a true picture of the progress of civil rights in the United States and the true aspirations of American Negroes as distinct from what Malcolm X and Cassius Clay have said,” Davis wrote. John Davis to James Baker, 1 December 1964, 8.30, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

93. John Davis to James Baker, 7 December 1964, 8.30, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

94. Farmer, Freedom—When? p. 135. Farmer’s account of his tour in Freedom—

When? was based on an article in AMSAC’s magazine, African Forum (“An American Negro Leader’s View of African Unity”), which was in turn based on an interview Farmer gave to Hank Raullerson shortly after his return to the United States. See transcript of interview, 10 February 1965, box 3, folder Articles, First Issue, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

95. American Embassy, Lusaka, to Department of State, “Visit of Farmer,” 14 January 1965, 3U247, FBI file, James Leonard, Jr., and Lula Peterson Farmer Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin.

96. James Baker to James Farmer, 13 May 1965, 8.30, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center. AMSAC’s grant to Farmer totaled $1,192, made up of a $24

per diem and $400 for incidental items. Calvin Raullerson to James Farmer, enclosing check, 23 December 1964, 8.30, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

97. James Baker to Calvin Raullerson, 27 January 1965, 8.30, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

98. Ibid.

99. Calvin Raullerson to John Davis, 21 October 1965, 8.31, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center. For more on Bill Sutherland, a veteran civil rights activist and antinuclear campaigner, see Gaines, American Africans in Ghana, pp. 103–106.

100. See, for example, Farmer, Freedom—When? p. 163.

101. See, for example, American Embassy, “Visit of Farmer.”

102. Farmer, Freedom—When? pp. 140, 158–159.

103. James Farmer, interview with Calvin Raullerson, 10 February 1965, box 3, folder Articles, First Issue, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center. See James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: New American Library, 1985), pp. 228–230, for a published account of this meeting.

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104. Quoted in Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart, pp. 230–231; ibid, p. 234.

105. Schechter, Ansara, and Kolodney, “CIA as Equal Opportunity Employer,” p. 66.