17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

106. Calvin Raullerson to Martin Luther King, 26 April 1965; Calvin Raullerson to John Davis, 10 November 1964; both 8.29, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

107. See Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (London: W. H. Allen, 1969), p. 499.

108. See Von Eschen, Satchmo, pp. 150–160; and Gaines, American Africans in Ghana, pp. 251–254. For a scathing contemporary assessment of AMSAC’s role in the Dakar festival, see Hoyt W. Fuller, Journey to Africa (Chicago: Third World Press, 1971), pp. 92–93.

109. Calvin Raullerson to Executive Council, 19 September 1966, 33.20, AMSAC

Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

110. Orin Lehman to John Davis, 28 June 1966, 33.20, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center; Calvin Raullerson to Adelaide Cromwell Hill, 26 July 1966, 33.20, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

111. Anon., “Memorandum for the Record,” 17 June 1966, 33.20, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center; Walker interview.

112. Executive Council minutes, AMSAC, 22–23 September 1966, 32.90E, Bond Papers.

113. Adelaide Cromwell Hill to Saunders Redding, 3 April 1967, 33.19, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

114. Kala-Lobe to President of AMSAC, 14 April 1967, 33.19, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center. “I can understand your position,” Davis wrote in response, “but I would suggest that you ought not to judge AMSAC too quickly.”

John Davis to Kala-Lobe, 21 April 1967, 33.19, AMSAC Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Center.

115. John Davis to Charles Frankel, 9 June 1967, 32.90E, Bond Papers.

116. Executive Council minutes, AMSAC, 1 March 1969, 33.91B, Bond Papers.

117. Annual Report, 20 June 1969, 49.22, Drake Papers.

118. Minutes of Postponed Annual Meeting of Directors, AMSAC, 20 June 1969, 33.91E, Bond Papers.

119. Quoted in Schechter, Ansara, and Kolodney, “CIA as Equal Opportunity Employer,” p. 55.

120. Quoted in Summary Report, First Annual Conference, June 1958, 49.13, Drake Papers.

121. See “Report on the Special Meeting Called by AMSAC,” 27 May 1961, 49.10, Drake Papers. This report consists of two parts: a “Report on the Utilization of Negroes in the State Department and USIA as Overseas Representatives, Especially in Africa”; and “The Role of the American Negro Scholar and Africanist, and the Role of the American Negro and Foundation Leadership.”

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309

122. Von Eschen, Race against Empire, p. 148.

123. The 1959 conference “The Negro Writer and His Relationship to His Roots”

was a case in point. See Gaines, American Africans in Ghana, pp. 137–140, and James Edward Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), pp. 120–123.

124. Horace Mann Bond to John Davis, 20 May 1959, 30.80B, Bond Papers.

125. AMSAC Annual Report, 22 June 1963, 49.13, Drake Papers.

126. Von Eschen, Satchmo, p. 256.

127. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1952), p. 119.

10. Things Fall Apart

1. Quoted in Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media,” Rolling Stone, 20 October 1977, 57, 60. The loyalty cut both ways: when Alsop became the victim of a homosexual “honey-trap” by the KGB during a visit to the Soviet Union in 1957, the foreign policy establishment closed ranks around him, Wisner in particular helping to protect him from the attentions of the FBI. See Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), pp. 157–158. For more biographical information about Alsop, see Joseph W. Alsop, I’ve Seen the Best of It: Memoirs (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989); Leann Grabavoy Almquist, Joseph Alsop and American Foreign Policy: The Journalist as Advocate (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1993); Edwin M. Yoder, Jr., Joe Alsop’s Cold War: A Study of Journalistic Influence and Intrigue (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); Robert W. Merry, Taking on the World: Joseph and Stewart Alsop—

Guardians of the American Century (New York: Viking, 1996).

2. Hugh Morrow of the Saturday Evening Post, quoted in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 161.