Anglo-American Establishment полностью

Transvaal Civil Service in 1904-1907; was in the East African Protectorate Service and

the E.A. Civil Service from 1908, being a District Commissioner in 1914, Acting Chief

Native Commissioner in 1920-1927, a member of the Legislative Council in 1920-1922,

Deputy Chief Native Commissioner of Kenya in 1921-1927; he was Director of Military

Labour under Smuts in German East Africa in 1914-1918. (5) Percy Girouard (later Sir

Percy) was chairman of the Egyptian Railway Board in 1898-1899; was Director of

Railways in the Boer War in 1899-1902; was Commissioner of Railways and Head of the

Central South African Railways in 1902-1904; was High Commissioner of Northern

Nigeria in 1907-1908 and Governor in 1908-1909; was Governor of the East African

Protectorate in 1909-1912; was director of Armstrong, Whitworth and Company in 1912-

1915; and was Director General of Munitions Supply in 1914-1915. He was fired by

Lloyd George for inefficiency in 1915.

3. Douglas Malcolm's sister in 1907 married Neill Malcolm (since 1919 Major

General Sir Neill Malcolm), who was a regular army officer from 1889 to his retirement

in 1924. He was on the British Military Mission to Berlin in 1919-1921; Commanding

General in Malaya, 1921-1924; a founder of the RIIA, of which he was chairman from

1926 (succeeding Lord Meston) to 1935 (succeeded by Lord Astor). He was High

Commissioner for German Refugees in 1936-1938, with R. M. Makins (member of All

Souls and the Milner Group and later British Minister in Washington) as his chief British

subordinate. He is president of the British North Borneo Company, of which Dougal

Malcolm is vice-president.

Ian Malcolm (Sir Ian since 1919), a brother of Neill Malcolm, was an attache at

Berlin, Paris, and Petersburg in 1891-1896; and M.P. in 1895-1906 and again 1910-1919;

assistant private secretary to Lord Salisbury (1895-1900); parliamentary private secretary

to the Chief Secretary for Ireland (George Wyndham) in 1901-1903; Secretary to the

Union Defence League, organized by Walter Long, in 1906-1910; a Red Cross officer in

Europe and North America (1914-1917); on Balfour's mission to the United States in

1917; private secretary to Balfour during the Peace Conference (1919); and British

representative on the Board of Directors of the Suez Canal Company. He wrote Walter

Long's biography in the Dictionary of National Biography.

4. See W. B. Worsfold, The Reconstruction of the New Colonies under Lord Milner (2

vols., London, 1913), II, 207-222 and 302-419.

5. The last quotation is from Dyarchy (Oxford, 1920), liii. The other are from The

Problem of theCommonwealth (London, 1915), 18, and 200-219.

6. Fisher was one of the most important members of the Milner Group, a fact which

would never be gathered from the recent biography written by David Ogg, Herbert

Fisher, 1865-1940 (London, 1947). He was associated with members of the Group, or

persons close to it all his life. At New College in the period 1884-1888, he was a student

of W. L. Courtney, whose widow, Dame Janet Courtney, was later close to the Group. He

became a Fellow of New College in 1888, along with Gilbert Murray, also a member of

the Group. His pupils at New College included Curtis, Kerr, Brand, Malcolm, and

Hichens in the first few years of teaching; the invitation to South Africa in 1908 came

through Curtis, his articles on the trip were published in The Times. He sailed to India in

1913 with Herbert Baker of the Group (Rhodes's architect). He refused the post of Chief

Secretary for Ireland in 1918, so it was given to Amery's brother-in-law; he refused the

post of Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in December 1918, when Robert

Cecil resigned. He played a certain role in drafting the Montagu-Chelmsford Report of

1919 and the Government of Ireland Bill of 1921, and piloted the latter through

Commons. He refused the post of Ambassador to Washington in 1919. Nevertheless, he

did not see eye to eye with the inner core of the Group on either religion or protection,

since he was an atheist and a free-trader to the end. His book on Christian Science almost

caused a break with some members of the Group.

7. H. H. Henson, Memoirs of Sir William Anson (Oxford, 1920), 212.

8. Cecil Headlam, ed., The Milner Papers, 1897-1905 (2 vols., London, 1931-1933),

II, 501.

9. R. H. Brand, The Union of South Africa (Oxford, 1909), 39.

10. Smuts was frequently used by the Milner Group to enunciate its policies in public

(as, for example, in his speeches of 15 May 1917 and 13 November 1934). The fact that

he was speaking for the Milner Group was generally recognized by the upper classes in

England, was largely ignored by the masses in England, and was virtually unknown to

Americans. Lord Davies assumed this as beyond the need of proof in an article which he