Anglo-American Establishment полностью

of 1930, to the World Disarmament Conference of 1932-1934, and to the League of

Nations in 1929-1934. He retired from the Foreign Office in 1935, but returned to an

active life for the duration of the Second World War as head of the southern region for

the Ministry of Information (1939-1945). In 1937, in cooperation with H. V. Hodson

(then editor of The Round Table) and B. K. Long (of the Kindergarten), he wrote a book called The Empire in the World. He had previously written Aspects of British Foreign

Policy (1928) and The Frontiers of England (1935).

The second person to come into the Milner Group from The Times was Lady Lugard

(the former Flora Shaw), who was probably a member of the Rhodes secret society on

The Times and appears to have been passing from The Times to the Milner Group, when

she was really passing from the society to the Milner Group. She and her husband are of

great significance in the latter organization, although neither was a member of the

innermost circle.

Frederick Lugard (Sir Frederick after 1901 and Lord Lugard after 1928) was a regular

British army officer who served in Afghanistan, the Sudan, and Burma in 1879-1887. In

1888 he led a successful expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa, and was

subsequently employed by the British East African Company, the Royal Niger Company,

and British West Charterland in leading expeditions into the interior of Africa (1889-

1897). In 1897 he was appointed by the Salisbury government to be Her Majesty's

Commissioner in the hinterland of Nigeria and Lagos and commandant of the West

African Frontier Force, which he organized. Subsequently he was High Commissioner of

Northern Nigeria (1900-1906) and Governor of Hong Kong (1907-1912), as well as

Governor, and later Governor-General, of Nigeria (1912-1919). He wrote Our East

African Empire (1893) and The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), and also numerous articles (including one on West Africa in The Empire and the Century). He was

one of the chief assistants of Lord Lothian and Lord Hailey in planning the African

Survey in 1934- 1937, was British member of the Permanent Mandates Commission of

the League of Nations from 1922 to 1936, was one of the more influential figures in the

Royal Institute of International Affairs, and is generally regarded as the inventor of the

British system of "indirect rule" in colonial areas.

Flora Shaw, who married Sir Frederick Lugard in 1902, when he was forty-four and

she was fifty, was made head of the Colonial Department of The Times in 1890, at the

suggestion of Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, the Permanent Under Secretary of

the Colonial Office. Sir Robert, whose grandmother was a Wyndham and whose

grandfather was Earl of Carnarvon, was a Fellow of All Souls from 1854 to 1905. He was

thus elected the year following Lord Salisbury's election. He began his political career as

private secretary to Gladstone and was Permanent Under Secretary for twenty-one years

(1871-1892, 1900). He was subsequently Agent General for Tasmania (1893-1896), High

Sheriff of London, chairman of the Tariff Commission, and adviser to the Sultan of

Johore, all under the Salisbury-Balfour governments.

When Miss Shaw was recommended to The Times as head of the Colonial

Department, she was already a close friend of Moberly Bell, manager of The Times, and

was an agent and close friend of Stead and Cecil Rhodes. The story of how she came to

work for The Times, as told in that paper's official history, is simplicity itself: Bell wanted

someone to head the Colonial Department, so he wrote to Sir Robert Herbert and was

given the name of Flora Shawl Accordingly, Bell wrote, "as a complete stranger," to Miss

Shaw and asked her "as an inexperienced writer for a specimen column." She wrote a

sample article on Egyptian finance, which pleased Bell so greatly that she was given the

position of head of the Colonial Department. That is the story as it appears in volume III

of The History of The Times, published in 1947. Shortly afterward appeared the

biography of Flora Shaw, written by the daughter of Moberly Bell and based on his

private papers. The story that emerges from this volume is quite different. It goes

somewhat as follows:

Flora Shaw, like most members of that part of the Cecil Bloc which shifted over to the

Milner Group, was a disciple of John Ruskin and an ardent worker among the depressed

masses of London's slums. Through Ruskin, she came to write for W. T. Stead of the Pall

Mall Gazette in 1886, and three years later, through Stead, she met Cecil Rhodes. In the

meantime, in 1888, she went to Egypt as correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette and

there became a close friend of Moberly Bell, The Times correspondent in that country.