Итог полностью

20 The hypothesis of equal chances of access to the conditions of acquisition of the legitimate linguistic competence is a simple mental experiment designed to bring to light one of the structural effects of inequality.

21 Situations in which linguistic productions are explicitly subjected to evaluation, such as examinations or job interviews, recall the evaluation which takes place in every linguistic exchange. Numerous surveys have shown that linguistic characteristics have a very strong influence on academic success, employment opportunities, career success, the attitude of doctors (who pay more attention to bourgeois patients and their discourse, e.g. giving them less pessimistic diagnoses), and more generally on the recipients* inclination to co-operate with the sender, to assist him or give credence to the information he provides.

22 Rather than rehearse innumerable quotations from writers or grammarians which would only take on their full meaning if accompanied by a thorough historical analysis of the state of the field in which they were produced in each case, I shall refer readers who would like to get a concrete idea of this permanent struggle to B. Quemada, Les diction-

naires du fran^ais moderne, 1539-1863 (Paris: Didier. 1968k pp. 19 3, 204, 207. 210. 216. 226. 228. 229. 230 n. 1.231. 233.237.239. 241,242. and Brunot. Histoire de la langue fran^aise. 11-13 and passim. A similar division of roles and strategies between writers and grammarians emerges from Haugen’s account of the struggle for control over the linguistic planning of Norwegian: see E. Haugen. Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Norwegian (Cambridge. Mass,: Harvard University Press, 1966). esp, pp. 296ft

23 One might contrast a style-in-itself, the objective product of an unconscious or even forced Choice’ (like the objectively aesthetic •choice' of a piece of furniture or a garment, which is imposed by economic necessity), with a ‘style-for-itself, the product of a choice which, even when experienced as free and ‘pure*, is equally determined, but by the specific constraints of the economy of symbolic goods, such as explicit or implicit reference to the forced choices of those who have no choice, luxury itself having no sense except in relation to necessity.

24 Of the errors induced by the use of concepts like ‘apparatus¹ or ‘ideology* (whose naive teleology is taken a degree further in the notion of ‘ideological state apparatuses’), one of the most significant is neglect of the economy of the institutions of production of cultural goods. One only has to think, for example, of the cultural industry, oriented towards producing services and instruments of linguistic correction (e.g. manuals, grammars, dictionaries, guides to correspondence and public speaking, children’s books, etc*), and of the thousands of agents in the public and private sectors whose most vital material and symbolic interests are invested in the competitive struggles which lead them to contribute, incidentally and often unwittingly, to the defence and exemplification of the legitimate language,

25 The social conditions of production and reproduction of the legitimate language are responsible for another of its properties: the autonomy with regard to practical functions, or. more precisely, the neutralized and neutralizing relation to the ‘situation’, the object of discourse or the interlocutor, which is implicitly required on all the occasions when solemnity calls for a controlled and lense use of language. The spoken use of ‘written language* is only acquired in conditions in which it is objectively inscribed in the situation, in the form of freedoms, facilities and. above all. leisure, in the sense of the neutralization of practical urgencies; and it presupposes the disposition which is acquired in and through exercises in which language is manipulated without any other necessity than that arbitrarily imposed for pedagogic purposes.

26 It is therefore no accident that, as Troubetzkoy notes, 'casual articulation' is one of the most universally observed ways of marking distinction: see N*S. Troubetzkoy, Principes de Phonologic (Paris: Klinck* sieck, 1957). p. 22* In reality, as Pierre Encreve has pointed out to me, the strategic relaxation of tension only exceptionally extends to the

phonetic level; spuriously denied distinction continues io be marked in pronunciation. And writers such as Raymond Queneau have, of course, been able to derive literary effects from systematic use of similar discrepancies in level between the different aspects of discourse.

2 Price Formation and the Anticipation of Profits