251. Izvestiia, March 3, 1935; Kino, March 5, 1935; “K itogam pervogo sovetskogo kinofestivalia,” Sovetskoe kino, no. 3 (1935): 3–5. By now, Chapayev was being shown in New York on Broadway. “Sovetskie fil’my v N’iu-Iorke,” Pravda, March 2, 1935.
252. The Soviets produced almost no expressly antifascist movies, beyond Pyryev’s Assembly Line of Death (Nov. 7, 1933), set in an unspecified European country, which portrayed fascism as a movement aiming to restore capitalism in the Soviet Union.
253. Friedberg, Literary Translation in Russia, 115. See also Baer, “Literary Translation.” “The Style of Soviet Culture,” a Pravda article by a literary critic, put forth Balzac, Goethe, Shakespeare, and Lev Tolstoy for emulation. Pravda, April 29, 1935 (Dinamov, pen name of Sergei Ogladkov). (“Mayakovsky shot himself while I translate,” Pasternak supposedly remarked of his means of livelihood.)
254. “Bol’she’ shekspirovat’!” Literaturnaia gazeta, April 23, 1933. Translations included Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel (1929), Virgil’s Aeneid (1933), Homer’s Iliad (1935), and Homer’s Odyssey (1935).
255. Litovskii, “Korol’ Lir”; Harshav, Moscow Yiddish Theater, 90; Clark, Moscow, 189 (citing GARF, f. 5283, op. 8, d. 242). See also Fowler, “Yiddish Theater in Soviet Ukraine.”
256. Mikhoels, “Moia rabota nad ‘Korolem Lirom,’” 94–123. A Shakespeare conference (Nov. 25–27, 1935) sparked controversy about how best to translate and interpret the playwright. Pravda, Nov. 29, 1935; O. Litovskii, “Zhivoi Shekspir,” 7–8; Clark, Moscow, 184–5.
257. Lang, Modern History of Soviet Georgia, 253.
258. Lakoba, Ot VI k VII s”ezdu sovetov ASSR Abkhazia; Lakoba, “Sel’skoe khoziaistvo Abkhazii—baza Sovetskoi pishchevoi promyshlennosti,” Hoover Archives, Lakoba papers, 2–32. See also Kolt’sov and Lezhava, Sovetskie subtropiki.
259. Lakoba, “‘Ia Koba, a ty Lakoba,’” 58 (March 15, 1935).
260. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK, 610–2 (APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 231, l. 54–9: Feb. 10).
261. It seems that in 1932, Kamenev had stopped by Yenukidze’s Kremlin office after being sentenced to exile in Minusinsk, asking that he be allowed to keep his Moscow apartment and that Yenukidze later passed on to Stalin a letter Kamenev intended to write from exile asking to be allowed to return to Moscow. Vinogradov, Genrikh Iagoda, 508–17 (TsA FSB, f. 13614, tom 2, l. 308–10, 314–22: May 30, 1937).
262. “Irina Gogua: semeinye istorii,” Ogonek, April 1997: http://kommersant.ru/doc/2284891; Cherviakova, “Pesochnye chasy.” Maria Svanidze took a more sinister view, writing in her diary about Yenukidze’s deceit, abuse of the perquisites of his office, and involvement with girls as young as nine to eleven, corrupting them morally if not physically.” Murin, Stalin v ob”iatiakh, 182 (Svanidze diary: June 28, 1935).
263. Zaria vostoka, March 5, 1935. Peterson was dismissed in April 1935 but not arrested (Yakir brought him to the Kiev military district as an aide in June).
264. Lenoe, Kirov Murder, 287–8 (RGANI, f. 6, op. 13, d. 33, l. 49–50: Ulrich to Stalin, March 11, 1934).
265. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, 548–52; RGASPI, f. 671, op. 1, d. 271, l. 565–65ob.: Yezhov notes for presentation to Stalin, Dec. 1934 or Jan. 1935.
266. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK, 628–31 (APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 232, l. 168–76: March 11, 1935). A June 17, 1935, joint Central Committee and Council of People’s Commissars decree, “On the procedure for conducting arrests,” superseded the May 8, 1933, instruction, and stipulated that the NKVD could make arrests only with the sanction of the procuracy; arrests of personnel who reported to commissariats could be made only with the sanction of that particular commissar, including in the defense commissariat. Arrests of members and candidates of the Central Committee only with CC approval. A further directive would be issued Dec. 1, 1938, to take into account institutional changes, but arrests still required the authorization of the governing institution’s leadership. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 63 (citing RGVA, f. 9, op. 36, d. 1339, l. 191–2ob.).
