22. Payne, Franco Regime, 176; Novikov, SSSR, Komintern, II: 73 (citing RGASPI, f. 495, op. 120, d. 245, l. 7, 11); Mezhdunarodnaia vstrecha, 201; Pertsov, Voina i revoliutsiia v Ispanii, I: 63. On July 6, 1936, the Popular Front government had imprisoned the Falange leader, Antonio Primo de Rivera. He would be sentenced to death on Nov. 20, 1936. Franco would not try to free him.
23. Edwards, British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 77; Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 791.
24. Spain had finally recognized the USSR in July 1933, but Madrid’s efforts to name an envoy were stymied by changes of government, while Moscow’s appointed representative, Anatoly Lunacharsky, had fallen ill in Paris en route to Madrid and died on the Cote d’Azur at age fifty-eight (Dec. 26, 1933), never taking up his post. Lunacharskaia-Rozenel’, Pamiat’ serdtsa, 15–6. Lunacharsky had written the play Don Quixote Liberated (1922), one of the few interesting books in Russian on Spanish culture.
25. Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 107–8; Alpert, New International History, 19–24.
26. British intelligence had been warning about Comintern “financing” and “overt and subterranean activities in Spain,” while advising its French counterparts that “the establishment of a Soviet regime in the Iberian Peninsula is hardly a happening which anyone can view with equanimity for military, political or economic reasons.” The British ambassador to Madrid, Sir Henry Chilton, had bluntly warned that “if the military coup d’état, which it is generally believed is being planned, does not succeed, things will turn pretty awful.” Jeffrey, MI6, 22; Little, Malevolent Neutrality, 196; Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 202–3. On July 26, Baldwin instructed foreign secretary Eden “that on no account, French or other, must he bring us into the fight on the side of the Russians.” Jones, Diary with Letters, 213.
27. Churchill, Step by Step, 76; Moradiellos, “Origins of British Non-Intervention.”
28. “Non-Intervention,” Blum’s chef de cabinet would later assert, “was essentially an attempt to prevent others from doing what we were incapable of achieving.” Lacouture, Léon Blum, 370.
29. Abendroth, Hitler in der spanischen Arena.
30. Göring had objected to Franco’s request. Leitz, “Nazi Germany Intervention,” 53–85; Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 13–7; von Ribbentrop, Memoirs, 59; Preston, Franco, 158–60.
31. Fröhlich, Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, III/ii: 140 (July 27, 1936).
32. Mussolini added: “to found a parliamentary republic today [1931] means using an oil lamp in the era of electric lights.” Bosworth, Mussolini, 315; Coverdale, Italian Intervention.
33. Bosworth, Mussolini, 316–7.
34. Jackson, “French Strategy,” 55–80.
35. Coulondre, De Staline à Hitler, 20–2. See Ford and Schorske, “Voice in the Wilderness,” 556–61; and Jordan, Popular Front, 228.
36. “O tak nazyvaemom ‘antisovetskom ob”edinennom trotskistsko-zinov’ievskom tsentre,’” 94.
37. Il’inskii, Narkom Iagoda, 709–16; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 89.
38. “My soul burns with one desire: to prove to you that I am no longer an enemy,” Zinoviev wrote to Stalin in 1935. “I am at the point where I sit for long periods and stare at your portrait in the newspapers and those of other members of the Politburo thinking: my dear ones, look into my heart and surely you will see that I’m no longer your enemy . . .” Iakovlev et al., Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy, 184–5. “There has been a distinct cooling in my relations with Zinoviev,” Kamenev told his interrogator. “I think it necessary to mention that living in one dacha in the summer of 1934 we led completely separate lives and met rarely. . . . At the time of the inner-party struggle, I never regarded Zinoviev as fit to run the party; the recent years have confirmed my conviction that he possesses no leadership qualities.” Volkogonov, Lenin, 286, citing Arkhiv Ministerstvo Bezaposnosti Rossiisskoi Federatsii no. R-33 834, t. 1, l. 107. See also Izvestiia, March 21, 1990 (Kamenev to his wife, T. Glebova, Nov. 12, 1935).
39. Profound insight into a despot’s psychology can be found in Canetti, Crowds and Power, esp. 231–4. Rogovin, 1937, 5–9.
40. Orlov, Tainaia istoriia, 135–6. Kaganovich confirmed the fact that Stalin and Voroshilov received Zinoviev and Kamenev: Chuev, Tak govoril Kaganovich, 140.
41. Trotskii, Prestuplenia Stalina, 72.
