42. Yagoda was said to have written across the interrogation testimony of a link to Trotsky: “untrue,” “rubbish.” Iakovlev et al., Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy, 179; “Materialy marto-fevral’skogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (1994, no. 12), 18.
43. On July 21, 1936, for example, Manuilsky relayed to Stalin a note with a citation from a document received from the head of the Spanish Communist party to the effect that “the military uprising has been put down.” Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 28 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 33). The British intercepted and decrypted the Spanish Communist party ciphered telegrams. Roberts, “Soviet Foreign Policy and the Spanish Civil War,” 100n11 (citing PRO HW/17/27).
44. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 28 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 34).
45. RGASPI, f. 495, op. 18, d. 1101, l. 15, 21–3 (ECCI Protocol No. 60, July 23, 1936); Dallin and Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, 46–8 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 210, l. 2–3).
46. Meshcheriakov, “SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii,” 85 (citing AVP RF, f. 048 z, op. 14–6, d. 4, pap. 7, l. 69–106).
47. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 187. Stalin’s Kremlin office logbook shows few or no visitors July 25–27, 1936. Na prieme, 190.
48. Na prieme, 190–1.
49. VII Kongress Kommunisticheskogo Internatsionala, 10–1, 28–33.
50. Titarenko, VKP (b), komintern i kitai: dokumenty, IV/ii: 1055–60 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 249, l. 8–17: Dimitrov to Stalin, early July 1936); Dallin and Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, 96–100.
51. Titarenko, VKP (b), komintern i kitai: dokumenty, IV/ii: 1060–4 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 18, d. 1101, l. 17–20: edited transcript). See also Braun, Comintern Agent in China; and Garver, “Origins of the Second United Front.”
52. Borkenau, who went to Spain in Sept. 1936, was describing the scene in Barcelona, and added: “Practically all the factory-owners, we were told, had either fled or been killed, and their factories taken over by the workers.” Borkenau, Spanish Cockpit, 70–1. In a 1936 biography of Vilfredo Pareto, Borkenau employed the latter’s “circulation of elites” theory to try to explain the rise of and affinities among Italian fascism, Nazism, and Soviet communism. Jones, “Toward a Theory of Totalitarianism,” 457.
53. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 29–31 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 38–40).
54. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 84–5. Primakov names two Soviet agents in Trotsky’s inner circle, one code-named “Tomas,” the other “Tyulpan,” which is known to be Zborowski. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 82.
55. Høidal, Trotsky in Norway.
56. Zipperstein, “Underground Man.”
57. Volkogonov, Trotskii, II: 134–5 (citing Arkhiv INO OGPU, f. 31660, d. 9067, t. 1, l. 24–5). See also Antonov, “Kaznen i opravdan.”
58. In 1934, Stalin had quoted Trotsky’s Bulletin of the Opposition from the dais of the 17th Party Congress: XVII s”ezd, 32. In 1935, Yezhov quoted from Trotsky’s Bulletin at length at a Central Committee meeting. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 542, l. 73–6. In March 1937, Yezhov’s staff in the NKVD would give Stalin a very detailed compilation of all Trotskyite publications on every continent, with their contents outlined. Volkogonov, Trotskii, II: 141–2 (citing Arkhiv INO OGPU-NKVD, f. 17548, d. 0292, l. 17); Volkogonov, Trotsky, 347. At least one concrete example of draft articles forwarded before publication to Stalin (and Molotov), by Yezhov, has come to light. Volkogonov, Trotskii, II: 141 (citing Arkhiv INO OGPU-NKVD, f. 17548, d. 0292, t. 2, l. 160). See also Poretsky, Our Own People, 272–3.
59. Trotsky, “Lesson of Spain.”
60. Pozharskaia and Saplin, Komintern i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 9; Payne, Spanish Civil War, 124.
