76. Kirschenbaum, “Exile, Gender, and Communist Self-Fashioning,” 572. When We of Kronstadt (1936), Yefim Dzigan’s tale of an anarchist band’s transformation into disciplined Red Army men during Russia’s civil war, premiered in Spain, the entire Spanish Republic cabinet attended. Kowalsky, “Soviet Cinematic Offensive”; Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 51 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 86).
77. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 32 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 44); Pravda, Aug. 4 and 5, 1936; Izvestiia, Aug. 4 and 5, 1936; Trud, Aug. 4 and 5, 1936.
78. RGASPI, f. 495, op. 18, d. 1105, l. 1.
79. By the end of Oct., nearly 48 million rubles would be deducted from the pay of Soviet factory workers in solidarity with Spain. That was equivalent to £2 million sterling. Izvestiia, Oct. 27, 1936.
80. Pravda, Aug. 3, 1936; Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraphs 187–8. “The German and Italian fascists are preparing to intervene against the Spanish revolution to place in their hands the important trump cards for preparation of a world war and a new territorial distribution of the world,” Radek explained, outlining the case in Izvestiya (Aug. 4, 1936) for “humanitarian” aid by the USSR.
81. Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 111, citing FRUS, 1936, II: 461 (Henderson to Hull).
82. Pons, Stalin and the Inevitable War, 43.
83. DDF, 1e série, III: 97–8, 100–1.
84. Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 339n2 (RGASPI, f. 71, op. 25, d. 3663); DVP SSSR, XIX: 392–3 (Veinberg, head of the Western department, report on conversation with Payart); 393–4 (Krestinsky to Maisky); Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, III: 203; Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 112; Izvestiia, Aug. 6, 1936.
85. Volkogonov, Trotsky, 370 (citing Arkhiv INO OGPU-NKVD, f. 17548, d. 0292, t. 2, l. 130–2).
86. Volkogonov, who has little to say about Spain, noted that “Stalin’s determination to get rid of Trotsky stiffened when he learned in late 1936 that Trotsky was writing The Revolution Betrayed and continuing his biography of Stalin himself.” Volkogonov, Trotsky, 444.
87. See also MacNeal, “Trotskyist Interpretations of Stalinism.”
88. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 189 (RGASPI, f. 671, op. 1, d. 168, l. 202: testimony attributed to Pikel); Orlov, Tainaia istoriia, 81; Pravda, Aug. 20, 1936 (Reingold).
89. Haslam, “Spanish Problem,” 70–85 (citing PRO, HW17/26: British decryptions of Comintern telegrams). “Madrid’s not receiving substantial external assistance could have heavy consequences for the course of the struggle,” Soviet military intelligence concluded in Aug. 1936. Rybalkin, Operatsiia “X,” 20 (citing RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 845, l. 9). On Aug. 7, 1936, the politburo approved Krestinsky’s proposal to invite Blum of France’s Popular Front government to Moscow. No visit materialized. Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 338–9 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 20, l. 38); DVP SSSR, XXII: 49.
90. DVP SSSR, XIX: 394–6 (Stein); Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 112–3. See also Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 340 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 20, l. 58).
91. Moradiellos, “British Government and General Franco,” 44 (citing PRO FO371/20475, W11340, Sir Maurice Hankey, The Future of the League of Nations).
92. Krestinsky had written to Surits (Aug. 11) that “we recently discussed the so-called 500-million credit. It was rejected.” Abramov, “Osobaia missiia David Kandelaki,” 149 (citing AVP RF, f. 010, op. 11, pap. 68, d. 34, l. 130, 131).
93. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 205 (citing Institut für Konjunkturforschung, Weekly Report, May 6, 1936).
94. DGFP, series C, V: 853–62 (unsigned; Hitler’s authorship established in a note by Speer, Aug. 1936).
95. According to an official then working in the Western military district: Samsonov, “Smysl ego zhizhi,” 217.
96. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 219–24.
97. Titarenko, VKP (b), komintern i kitai: dokumenty, IV/ii: 1067 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 275, l. 1: Dimitrov to Stalin, July 27, 1936), 1067–71 (1. 5–9); Titarenko, Kommiunisticheskii internatsional, 262–6, 266–9; Dallin and Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, 101 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 73, d. 48, 1. 54), 102–5.
98. Schram, Mao’s Road to Power, V: 232–32.
