223. Khlevniuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze, 88–9; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 71, d. 43, l. 3, 26, 28–9, 31–2.
224. Izvestiia, Nov. 22, 1963.
225. Knight, Beria, 73–4; Vaksberg, Neraskrytye tainy, 123.
226. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 981, l. 384. His arrest was publicly announced on Nov. 14, 1936.
227. Ordzhonikidze, O Sergo Ordzhonikidze, 272 (Zinaida). Beria was preparing a volume of reminiscences on the occasion of Orjonikidze’s fiftieth birthday. Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 336 (RGASPI, f. 85, op. 29, d. 418, l. 1).
228. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, 173 (citation without specifics).
229. Leushin,” ‘Ia davno uzhe ostavil sei greshnyi mir’: pis’ma Stalina s togo sveta,” Istochnik, 2003, no. 2: 33–5 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11. d, 1160, l. 102–3, 98, 105, 107, 106). The AP bureau chief was Charles P. Nutter.
230. Rybalkin, Operatsiia “X,” 94–5; Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 126 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 234, l. 34), 134–5 (l. 52–4). See also Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 124–5 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 234, l. 23–24), 126–7 (l. 36–7). Orlov received the Order of Lenin for the gold transfer, though his award was announced in Pravda under his former pseudonym (Nikolsky).
231. Karmen, No Pasarán!, 261; Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent, 172 and photographic plates (crediting Adelina Abramson-Kondraytyeva, one of the attendees, LSE Cañada Blanch Centre).
232. Larina, This I Cannot Forget, 299; Cohen, Bukharin, 369; Volobuev and Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, 155. Rykov was evicted at this time from his Kremlin apartment and moved to the House on the Embankment.
233. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 108 (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 252, l. 99); Whitewood, Red Army, 206–10 (citing RGVA, f. 9, op. 29, d. 285, l. 22, 232–42); Cherushev, 1937 god, 70, 97. Arrests in the Red Army for Jan.–March 1937 kept the same pace: 125, including 43 officers. Whitewood, Red Army, 209 (f. 33837, op. 21, d. 107, l. 14).
234. The longer-term goal was to turn Spain into an economic colony. Harper, German Economic Policy; Leitz, Economic Relations; Barbieri, Hitler’s Shadow Empire.
235. Ernest Hemingway, a war correspondent for the North American Newspaper Alliance living in Madrid’s Florida Hotel, would complete Fifth Column, his first and only play, the next year. Kale, “Fifth Column.”
236. Soviet personnel viewed foreign embassy compounds and residences as storehouses for weapons to be used by fifth columnists, justifying raids and sweeping roundups. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 152–3; Kol’tsov, Ispaniia v ogne, I/ii: 227.
237. Kol’tsov, Ispanskii dnevnik, 233–45.
238. Preston, Last Stalinist, 70–88.
239. Bollinger, “Fifth Column Marches On.”
240. V. A. Suiazin, “V boi vstupaiut istrebiteli,” in My internatsionalisty: vospominaniia sovetskikh dobrovol’tsev-uchatsnikov natsional’noirevoliutsionnoi voiny v Ispanii (Moscow: Politizdat, 1975), 52. Airplane losses from accidents were high: 147 for the Republic, versus a mere 13 for the putschists. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 677.
241. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 724.
242. Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, 130; Conquest, Reassessment, 143–4, citing Solzhenitsyn, Gulag Arkhipelago, I: 415.
243. Preston, Franco, 205–6.
244. “Our great friend and parent,” Kaganovich wrote to Orjonikidze, “does not want to facilitate the nasty work of smothering the Spanish Republic, on the contrary he wants to help the Spanish Republic smother the fascists.” Khlevniuk et al., Stalinskoe politbiuro, 151 (RGASPI, f. 85, op. 29, d. 435, l. 1–12; Oct. 12, 1936). Stalin told Spain’s ambassador in Jan. 1937 that “in opposing the triumph of Italy and Germany, they are trying to prevent any weakening in France’s power or military situation.” Smyth, “Soviet Policy,” 99.
245. DBFP, 2nd series, XVII: 30.
246. Pravda, Nov. 26, 1936; Chukovskii, Dnevnik, 149.
247. At the 7th Congress of Soviets, Pravda had announced a possible constitutional revision, including the prospect of direct, secret elections. Pravda, Feb. 7 and 8, 1935.
