357. Ingratiatingly, the NKVD agent Zborowski managed to report that, on Jan. 22, Trotsky’s son Lev Sedov had told him apropos of the accusations, “now there is no longer vacillation, Stalin should be killed.” Volkogonov, Trotskii, II: 197 (citing Arkhiv INO OGPU-NKVD, f. 31660, d. 9067, t. 1, l. 98). Although, in an article (Oct. 1933), Trotsky had written that “the only way to compel the bureaucracy to hand over power to the proletariat is by force,” in a subsequent article on the Kirov murder he wrote that assassinating Stalin would accomplish nothing, because he would just be replaced by “one of those Kaganoviches.” “Klassovaia priroda sovetskogo gosudarstva (problemy chetvertogo internatsionala),” Biulleten’ oppozitsii, no. 36–7 (October 1933): 1–12 (at 9–10); Trotskii, “Stalinskaia biurokratiia i ubiistvo Kirova”; Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, II/i: 270.
358. Maksimenkov, Kremlevskii kinoteatr, 366 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1082, l. 1–2), 1051–3 (d. 829, l. 107–8).
359. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 350–1 (RGASPI, f. 71, op. 10, d. 127, l. 188–9; f. 558, op. 1, d. 5324, l. 33). Arrests at Lenfilm continued throughout the film’s shooting. Mar’iamov, Kremlevskii tsenzor, 35. See also Latyshev, “Stalin i kino,” 495–6.
360. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 350–1 (RGASPI, f. 71, op. 10, d. 127, l. 188–9); Latyshev, “Stalin i kino,” 494–6; Milovidov, “Velikii grazhdanin,” 6.
361. Titarenko, VKP (b), komintern i kitai: dokumenty, IV/ii: 1094–6 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 281, l. 22–3).
362. Yezhov’s pretrial instructions to Ulrich specified execution for all defendants, so Stalin had changed his mind and rewarded Radek. “‘Vse, chto govorit Radek—eto’ absoliutno zlostnaia kleveta . . .’”
363. Pravda, Jan. 31, 1937.
364. Dullin, Men of Influence, 138, citing AVP RF, f. 5, op. 17, pap. 126, d. 1 (Jan. 8, 1937, draft). Soviet-German efforts at contact were convoluted. Abramov, “Osobaia missiia Davida Kandelaki,” 150 (citing AVP RF, f. 05, op. 17, pap. 126, d. 1, l. 17), 150–1 (citing AVP RF, f. 17, pap. 130, d. 41, l. 3), 151 (citing AVP RF, f. 011, op. 1а, pap. 1, d. 2, l. 5; f. 059, op. 1, pap. 244, d. 1717, l. 10), 151 (citing AVP RF, f. 05, op. 17, pap. 130, d. 42, l. 6, 17); Fischer, Russia’s Road, 241.
365. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service. Maisky (in London), writing to Litvinov, surmised that “Hitler is not yet ready for a large-scale war and it is unlikely that Mussolini ever will be.” DVP SSSR, XIX: 673 (Dec. 17, 1936).
366. Radosh et al., Spain Betrayed. Stalin’s refusal to permit a Spanish Communist takeover was manifest well before access to Soviet archives. Cattell, Communism and the Spanish Civil War. See also Schauff, Der verspielte Sieg.
367. Kowalsky, Stalin.
368. On Soviet motivations as given in the contemporary Soviet press, see Allen, “Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War.”
369. DBFP, 2nd series, XVII: 754–6 (Jan. 2, 1937); “The Anglo-American Agreement,” Bulletin of International News 15/8 (1938): 11–3.
370. Izvestiia, Jan. 5, 1937. Hitler sent Göring to Italy to shore up relations; Mussolini received him on January 15. When Göring brought up Germany’s desire to annex Austria, a development he insisted Italy had no choice but to accept, Mussolini became visibly displeased. Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, 68.
371. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 235 (APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 188 l. 100).
372. Andrew and Elkner, “Stalin and Foreign Intelligence,” 85.
373. “The Communists have got into the habit of denouncing as a Trotskyist everybody who disagrees with them about anything,” the Austrian Borkenau would note. “For in Communist mentality, every disagreement in political matters is a major crime, and every political criminal is a Trotskyist.” Borkenau, Spanish Cockpit, 240.
CHAPTER 7. ENEMIES HUNTING ENEMIES
1. Boris Yefimov, in Beliaev, Mikhail Koltsov, 71 (1989 ed.), 103.
2. Arrests in the NKVD included incarcerations of border guards and regular police (the militia), who accounted for the overwhelming majority of NKVD personnel (around 400,000), as well as of Gulag camp guards and administrators and fire brigades, who were not directly involved in the mass arrests. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 258; Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 150 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 5, d. 996, l. 187–9); Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 501. Different figures are given in Luk’ianov, “Massovye repressii opravdany byt’ ne mogut,” 121.
