19. Adzhubei, Te desiat’ let, 194–5. Similarly, Nikolai Leonov, the future chief analyst of the KGB, nine years old in 1937, would later choose to study the Spanish language under the lingering influence of the Spanish civil war. Leonov, Likholet’e, 7–13, 18–21. “Moscow lived Spain,” wrote Louis Fischer. Fischer, Men and Politics, 403. For typical Soviet press accounts, see International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic. But see also Davies, Popular Opinion, 96.
20. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 224; Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, 171. Helen Grant, a British woman traveling in Catalonia in 1937, noted that at a film screening, there were “great cheers from the gallery when Stalin’s photo appeared on the screen, but only from the gallery [her emphasis].” Among the higher-paying middle class part of the audience (where she sat) “people kept quiet.” Jackson, British Women, 117.
21. Radosh et al., Spain Betrayed, 129–33 (RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 960, l. 251–77: Nikonov, Feb. 20, 1937).
22. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 591.
23. He added that Soviet advisers “often led Spanish brigades in combat, especially in their first combat operations to show the officers how to command their units.” Meretskov, Serving the People, 147–8.
24. Altogether, 204 interpreters, mostly women, served in Spain. On the White Guard émigrés in Spain, see Yezhov’s note to Stalin (Jan. 19, 1937): Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 179–81 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 33–39).
25. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 120, d. 263, l. 32; Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 163–4 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 3–4: Gaikis, Dec. 31, 1936), 165 (l. 2: Litvinov to Stalin, Jan. 2, 1937), 166 (l. 1: politburo decision).
26. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 742, citing a memorandum of Colonel Sverchevskii, undated [1938], in RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 1149, l. 237, 233.
27. Fischer, Men and Politics, 361.
28. Broué, Staline et la révolution, 102–3 (citing Luis Araquistain); Bolloten, Spanish Civil War, 319. Writing to Voroshilov in mid-October 1936, the military attaché Gorev reported that the Soviet ambassador possessed an “unhealthy self-esteem. He is terribly afraid for his authority.” Radosh et al., Spain Betrayed, 94 (RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 832, l. 239).
29. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 157–8 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 222, l. 164–64ob.: Dec. 21, 1936).
30. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 517. Largo Caballero had tried to tamp down any tensions: “we are all satisfied with his [Rosenberg’s] behavior and activities with us. Here everyone loves him.” Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 173–4 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 17–19: Jan. 12, 1937).
31. The request to be received, relayed by Krestinsky to Stalin, was dated the same day as the audience was granted (Feb. 3). Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 189–90 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 80), 190 (l. 87); Na prieme, 201. On Feb. 4, Krestinsky had Gaikis summoned to Moscow: Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 190 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 80), 190 (l. 88).
32. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 64 (reconstruction from Pascua’s notes of the meeting: AHN-Madrid. Diversos. M. Pascua, leg. 2, exp. 6, 12), paragraph 99.
33. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 191 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 86: letter to Largo Caballero, Feb. 4, 1937).
34. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 191–5 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 223, l. 81, 82, 85). Stalin seems to have discussed them in the Little Corner on Feb. 5, 1937: Na prieme, 201.
35. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 197 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 217, l.54).
36. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraphs 145, 789. Rosenberg’s replacement was Gaikis.
37. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, 265–6 (citing file 17697, I: 28).
38. Radosh et al., Spain Betrayed, 456–8 (Gorev report, March 23, 1937, secret archive 15), 69 (Gorev, code-named Sancho, Oct. 16, 1936). On the unreliability of communications, see Rees, “The Highpoint of Comintern Influence? The Communist Party and the Civil War in Spain,” 150.
39. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 582, citing RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 961, l. 171.
