Stalin полностью

57. Sotsialisticheskii vetsnik, 1937, no. 5: 16; Pil’niak, Rasplesnutoe vremia, 582 (quoting the Georgian poet Titian Tabidze); Conquest, Reassessment, 170.

58. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 284–5.

59. Lenin, PSS, XLV: 361.

60. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 418.

61. Mikoian, Tak bylo, 327–33.

62. Mikoyan was in Stalin’s office on Nov. 2 and 14, 1937, both times with Yezhov. Mikoian, Tak bylo, 318–9; Na prieme, 224.

63. As one scholar explained, “Up to 1936, the leading group was held together by shared convictions in a shared project, but after 1937 the nature of the group changed.” Rees, “Stalin as Leader, 1937–1953,” 207. Mikoyan and Beria, assigned to comb through Orjonikidze’s personal archive, discovered two sealed folders (received back when he headed the Central Control Commission), which held compromising tsarist police materials on politburo members Kalinin and Rudzutaks. Orjonikidze had marked the folders “Do not open without me.” Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 9–10 (RGASPI, f. 85, d. 2, l. 1–30).

64. The Feb.–March 1937 plenum is one of the few in the 1930s whose materials have been published in detail. Another was June 1935: Plenum Tsentral’nogo Komiteta VKP (b) 5–7 iiunia 1935 g. (Moscow: Partizdat, 1935).

65. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1995, no. 3): 8, 14; Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 470. This was an old theme of his. Back on Sept. 19, 1931, for example, expressing disapproval of then transport commissar Moisei Rukhimovich, Stalin had vented to Kaganovich, “New people who believe in our cause and who can successfully replace the bureaucracy can always be found in our party, if one searches seriously.” Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 109–10 (RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 99, l. 35–6). See also Fitzpatrick, Cultural Front, 180, and Khlevniuk, Master of the House, 172.

66. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1992, nos. 4–5): 36.

67. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 710, l. 180–1.

68. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 143.

69. Rogovin, 1937, 221–2.

70. “Materialy marto-fevral’skogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda” (no. 2), 13, 17, 18, 20, 26, 27 (1994, no. 1), 12–3; Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 412–5.

71. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1994, no. 1): 12–3. Stalin’s recommendation was fixed in a formal plenum resolution on March 3: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 577, l. 4 (l. 30–3 draft with corrections).

72. “O partiinosti lits, prokhodivshikh po delu tak nazyvaemogo ‘antisovetskogo pravotrotskitskogo bloka,’” 82–3; Stranitsy istorii (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1990), 18; Galumov, Neizvestnye “Izvestiia,” 185.

73. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1992, no. 11–12), 10.

74. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1993, no. 5: 3–5, 6, no. 7: 3, A. S. Kalygina).

75. Schlögel, Terror und Traum, 250–3.

76. Kosheleva et al., “Materialy fevral’-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP (b) 1937 goda,” (1993, no. 8): 3–26 (Molotov), (no. 9): 3–32 (Kaganovich). Stalin marked up the draft of Molotov’s plenum speech. Where Molotov wrote that Trotsky had instructed his supporters inside the Soviet Union “to save their strength for a more important moment—for the beginning of the war—and at that moment strike decisively at the most sensitive areas of our economy”—Stalin underlined it. In the margin beside Molotov’s words about the party having been deserted by those who did not have the stomach to fight and “cast their lots with the bourgeoisie, and not with the working class,” Stalin wrote: “This is good. It would be worse if they had left during wartime.” RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 772, l. 14, 88.

77. Svanidze surmised that Stalin did not come to Svetlana’s party “on purpose.” Murin, Stalin v ob”iatiakh sem’i, 191–2. Svanidze would be arrested December 29, 1939, and sentenced to eight years for “concealing the anti-Soviet actions of her husband” (Alexander Svanidze, the brother of Stalin’s first wife). She would be executed in March 1942.