220. Voennye arkhivy Rossii, 44; Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor,’” 188. See also Pankov, Komkor Eideman, 103. Voroshilov had recommended promoting Eideman to head of antiaircraft, arguing that it needed someone of “major authority.” Whitewood, Red Army, 212 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 18, l. 176).
221. Some say the arrest occurred in the office of the provincial party secretary, others in his train coach (he had not yet moved into an apartment). Nikulin, Tukhachevskii, 190; Sokolov, Tukhachevskii, 310–1, (citing P. A. Ermolin); Kantor, Voina i mir, 370 (citing letter of N. I. Shishikin, in the personal archives of Iu. V. Khitrovo); Koritskii et al., Tukhachevskii, 128–9; Zen’kovich, Marshaly i genseki, 488.
222. Pechenkin, “1937 god,” 43, citing RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d, 615, l. 8, 10, 14.
223. Kantor, Voina i mir, 386–7; Svetlana Tukhachevsky’s statement in Yuliya Kantor, Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky: www.pseudology.org/colonels/Tukhachevsky.htm. The Central Committee, without a plenun, expelled Tukhachevsky as well as Rudzutaks from the party and handed them over to the NKVD. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie, 190 (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 304, l. 112); Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 448. Ushakov would be executed in Jan. 1940.
224. Na prieme, 210. Kandelaki would be arrested Sept. 11, 1937.
225. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, 234.
226. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, I/ii: 263; Krasnaia zvezda, June 4, Aug. 13, 1964. Pravda announced his suicide on June 1, 1937. There were nearly 800 suicides in the Red Army in 1937, and more than 800 the next year. Khlevniuk, 1937–i, 207. Gamarnik had been parroting the Stalin line, telling a party meeting in the military (March 13, 1937), for ex.: “Comrades, the Japanese-German Trotskyist agents, spies, and wreckers are in a full range of our army organization, in the staffs, the institutions, the academies, the military-training institutions.” He repeated this in more speeches before his arrest for being the phenomenon he was warning against. Whitewood, “Purge of the Red Army,” 296, citing RGVA, f. 9, op. 29, d. 319, l. 2.
227. Мinakov, Za otvorotom marshal’skoi shineli, 249–358.
228. Davies et al., Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 556–7. The Azov–Black Sea Territory was divided in Sept. 1937; Yevdokimov became party chief of the new Rostov province.
229. Rumors circulated that when a preeminent sadist (Anatoly Yesaulov) had failed to beat a confession out of Yagoda for espionage, Stalin had assigned the task to Yevdokimov. The rumor was false yet indicative. Vinogradov, Genrikh Iagoda, 95–243.
230. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 270–1.
231. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 274–5; Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 67–8. See also Wheatcroft, “Agency and Terror.” Kursky shot himself on July 8, 1937.
232. Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD; Naumov, Stalin i NKVD, 173–88.
233. http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/193_dok/19390413beria.php (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 373, l. 3–44: protocol of Frinovsky interrogation, Beria to Stalin April 11, 1939). Frinovsky and Yezhov were not close. “I had multiple clashes at work with him,” Yezhov would later observe of Frinovsky. “I cursed him out, and called him a fool to his face, because no sooner would he arrest someone among the NKVD operatives then he would run to me and shout that it was all fabrication [lipa], that the person was wrongly arrested.” “Poslednee slovo Nikolai Ezhova.”
234. http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/193_dok/19390413beria.php (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 373, l. 3–44: protocol of Frinovsky interrogation, sent by Beria to Stalin April 11, 1939); Afanas’ev, Oni ne molchali, 218.
235. “Poslednee slovo Nikolai Ezhova”; Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 536 (citing TsA FSB, sledstvennoe delo No. N-15302, t. 1, l. 184–6); Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 560–2.
236. Gide, Vozvrashchenie iz SSSR (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1990), 80. On the Soviet response to the Gide book, see Fleishman, Pasternak v tridtsatye gody, 378–83.
237. RGASPI, f. 77, op. 3–e, d. 117, l. 33.
238. Koltsov, who was cohabitating with Feuchtwanger’s wife, Maria Osten, had lobbied for Feuchtwanger to be received in the Soviet Union. RGASPI, f. 17, op., 114, d. 952, l. 48 (Angarov to Ezhov, Nov. 2, 1936; note from Mikhail Apletin, deputy head of the writers’ union foreign commission, to Angarov).
239. Feuchtwanger, Moskva 1937, 68. See also Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 238.
