240. Feuchtwanger, Moskva 1937, 64–5, 91. See also Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937, 93–5. Feuchtwanger visited Moscow Dec. 1, 1936, to Feb. 5, 1937. Stalin received him on Jan. 8. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 820, l. 3–22; Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937, 152–3. Feuchtwanger’s book would be withdrawn from Soviet libraries in 1938. One scholar noted that he “was the last in the line of the celebrated fellow-travelers of the interwar period to turn his journey into an eyewitness’ public endorsement of Stalinism; he was the last European intellectual sympathizer to be received on the grand scale of Rolland and Gide.” David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment, 270. Orwell conceded that he would support Communism over fascism if forced to choose. Davison, George Orwell.
241. Vishnevskii, Sobranie sochinenii, VI: 410–1.
242. Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 40–1, 57; “Delo o tak nazyvaemoi ‘antisovetskoi trotskistskoi voennoi organizatsii’ v krasnoi armii,” Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1989, no. 4: 52.
243. Meretskov, Na sluzhbe narodu, 166–7.
244. Na prieme, 211; Pechenkin, “1937 god,” 51.
245. Polishchuk, “Zasedanie RVS 1–3 iuinia 1937 goda.” Polishchuk was then the head of the Military Electrical-Technology Academy. He is listed as having received the interrogation protocols to read: Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 41.
246. Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 66–70, 74–5. See also Sokolov, Mikhail Tukhachevskii, 378.
247. “‘Nevol’niki v rukakh germanskogo reiskhvera,’” 74 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1120, l. 28–57 at 31–2). See also “Sovetskaia razvedka i russkaia voennaia emigratsiia 20–40x gg.,” 119. On Nov. 14, 1932, Mężyński sent a letter to Stalin proposing Dzierżyński for a medal; Stalin wrote on it “Opposed.” He had still not forgiven Dzierżyński’s brief wavering. But Stalin had authorized a Dzierżyński statue to be erected in front of the NKVD headquarters, on Dzierżyński Square, on the tenth anniversary of his death, in July 1936. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 5284, l. 1–3; Plekhanov and Plekhanov, F. E. Dzerzhinskii, 671 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 279, l. 41).
248. Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 128–43 (esp. 128, 131, 134–5); “‘Nevol’niki v rukakh germanskogo reikhsvera,’” 74 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1120, l. 28–57 at 31–2). See also Gorbatov, Gody i voiny, 122–3. In Jan. 1938, Stalin would take to arguing, unpersuasively, that skill in the military arts was not so crucial for military success and that what mattered were the social origins of military leaders and the overall correct government policy of the workers-peasants state. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1120, l. 104–5, 109.
249. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1120, l. 28–57 (at 46–7).
250. Pechenkin, “1937 god.” The 1961 commission on Stalin’s military repressions was published in two places: Voennye arkhivy Rossii, 29–113 (incomplete); and Voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, 1997, no. 1: 173–255, no. 2: 3–81. See also the illuminating testimony about opposition to collectivization extracted from or written for Pavel Bulanov about Yagoda: Il’inskii, Narkom Iagoda, 500–8 (at 500: TsA FSB, N-13614, tom 2: 211–21: April 30, 1937).
251. Pechenkin, “1937 god,” 50–1.
252. “‘Nevol’niki v rukakh germanskogo reikhsvera,’” 75–6.
253. The ten were Voroshilov, Budyonny, Shaposhnikov, Timoshenko, Kulik, Apanasenko, Gorodovikov, Shchadenko, Khrulyov, and Meretskov (arrested but released). The majority had been members of the First Cavalry Army in the civil war. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 288. Pechenkin gives eight not arrested. Pechenkin, “1937 god,” 52.
254. Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 250–6, 243–5.
255. Preston, Franco, 278–9.
256. Anderson, Voennyi sovet, 340–1. Already on May 10, 1937, in a detailed report to Stalin and Molotov, Voroshilov had parroted the new Stalin line. The mass arrests of the highest commanders had followed almost immediately. Whitewood, “Purge of the Red Army,” 300, citing RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 965, l. 65.
257. Ulam, Stalin, 18 (attributing the line to Budu Mdivani).
258. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1549. Keke had taken ill on May 13, 1937.
259. The inventory of her belongings: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1549; Ilizarov, Tainaia zhizn’ Stalina, 281–2. The effects went to Maria Kvinkadze.
260. Memuary freiliny imperatritsy, 204–5 (Tatuli Gviniashvili).
261. Elagin, Ukroshchenie iskusstv, 55; Jelagin, Taming of the Arts, 51–2.
