279. Zen’kovich, Marshaly i genseki, 510–1 (citing the eleven-page trial transcript). Five of the seven military men sitting as judges with Ulrich would soon be executed themselves, except for Budyonny and Shaposhnikov.
280. RGVA, f. 33 987, op. 3s, d. 828, Volkogonov papers, Hoover, container 17. In his account for Stalin (June 26), Budyonny noted that although Tukhachevsky had shaken his head “no” during the reading of the charges and testimony, and denied passing any classified documents to the Germans, in the end he pronounced himself guilty. Voennye arkhivy Rossii, 55–6; Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor,’” 199–200; APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 310, l. 170–83. See also the report of another “judge,” I. P. Belov, in Cristiani and Mikhaleva, Le repressioni, 192–8.
281. “Delo o tak nazyvaemoi ‘antisovetskoi trotskistskoi organizatsii’ v Krasnoi Armii,” 57.
282. Blokhin was assisted by Ignatev. Lebedev, “M. N. Tukhachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor,’” 199. Just after Ulrich had pronounced sentences, Stalin received Timoshenko, alone, for half an hour (June 12). He would be posted to Ukraine, to replace Yakir as commander of the Kiev military district. Na prieme, 212.
283. “World fascism this time, too, has discovered that its loyal agents, the Gamarniks and the Tukhachevskys, the Yakirs and the Uboreviches, as well as similar treasonous offal, lackeys serving capitalism, have been wiped from the face of the earth,” wrote Voroshilov, in a directive to all Red Army servicemen printed in Pravda (June 13). “Their memory will be cursed and forgotten.” Tukhachevsky was equated with “playing the same role as Franco.”
284. Pravda, June 13, 1937 (Krupskaya). See also Komsomol’skaia pravda, Jan. 18, 2013.
285. Vostryshev, Moskva stalinskaia, 361–2; Kommersant vlast’, July 9, 2012.
286. Bailes, Technology and Society, 387; Egorov and Kliucharev, Grazhdanskaia aviatsiia SSSR, 98–9, 101; Karpov, Aviatsiia strany sotsializma, 60–2. Stalin sometimes summoned these flight crews to the Little Corner before their flights, going over their plans, and occasionally saw them off at the airfield. Chkalov (with Baidukov) was recorded in the Little Corner twice: July 14, 1936, and May 25, 1937 (before the Pacific Coast flight). Na prieme, 189, 210.
287. Velikii letchik nashego vremeni, 315.
288. Bailes, Technology and Society, 381–406.
289. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 332.
290. Kumanev, Riadom so Stalinym, 435–6 (Chadaev). See also Rubtsov, Alter ego Stalina; Rubtsov, Iz-za spiny vozhdia.
291. Volkogonov papers, Hoover, container 4, telegrams to and from the military districts from TsAMO; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 160–4. Mekhlis soon replaced Gamarnik as chief of the political department in the military (from Dec. 1937), a post he would hold until Sept. 1940. “The more ‘enemies of the people’ Stalin exterminates, rising upward on their corpses,” Trotsky acidly wrote of Mekhlis after his promotion to deputy defense commissar, “the greater the void that forms around him.” “Voroshilov Is Next in Line,” Biulleten’ oppozitsii, no. 62–3 (1938): 23.
292. A contemporary Soviet diplomat, who defected and survived, well understood the impossibility, physically and psychologically, of a Red Army plot in cahoots with Nazism. Barmine, One Who Survived, 223.
293. Volkogonov, “Marshal Voroshilov,” 163.
294. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 321 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 5, d. 343, l. 84); Khaustov, “Razvitie sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti,” 362. Khrulyov was demoted to the Kiev military district in 1938, but Stalin would bring him back to Moscow in Sept. 1939. Voroshilov evidently also managed to save Mikhail Lukin, who became a lieutenant general. Muratov and Gorodetskaia, Komandarm Lukin, 262. See also Voroshilov’s appeal to Stalin (July 11, 1937) for a member of the military council of the Ural Military District. (The file contains no answer.) Volkogonov papers, Hoover, container 17.
295. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 64; Volkogonov papers, Hoover, container 4, telegrams to and from the military districts from TsAMO (this one dated Oct. 2, 1937). See also Cristiani and Mikhaleva, Le repressioni, 66.
