Stalin полностью

238. RGANI, f. 5, op. 30, d. 4, l. 94–5; Knight, Beria, 88.

239. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 165, citing TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 5, d. 92, l. 23.

240. Of course, by letting good slave laborers go, the camps would be left with the worst, rendering them unable to fulfill their assigned economic tasks. Vostryshev, Moskva stalinskaia, 376; the politburo decree would be issued on June 10, 1939 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 25, l. 54–5), and formalized by the Supreme Soviet presidium on June 15.

241. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 167 (no citation). Frinovsky’s advice was for Yezhov to stop moping and prevent Beria from implanting all his people in the NKVD. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 457–8, TsA FSB, sledstvennoe delo, no. N-15302, 1. 10, l. 59; RGASPI, f. 671, op. 1, d. 265, l. 24.

242. Frinovsky testified that on Aug. 27–28, 1938, Yevdokimov, Yezhov’s deputy in water transport, called and asked him to come to his apartment. “Verify whether Zakovsky has been shot and whether all the Yagoda people have been shot, because with Beria’s arrival the investigations of these cases could be resumed and these cases could be turned against us.” Zakovsky, Lev Mironov, and others had been shot on Aug. 26–27. http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/193_dok/19390413beria.php (APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 373, l. 3–44: protocol of Frinovsky interrogation, Beria to Stalin, April 11, 1939:); Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 247 (TsA FSB, ASD p-4406). Yevdokimov would be arrested Nov. 9, 1938.

243. Rybin, Riadom so Stalinym, 73. See also Medvedev, Let History Judge, 587.

244. “People have completely stopped trusting each other,” Mikhail Prishvin, the writer, noted in his diary in Oct. 1937. “They go about their work and do not even whisper to one another. There is a huge mass of people raised up from poor social backgrounds who have nothing to whisper about: they just think ‘That’s how it should be.’ Others isolate themselves to whisper, or study the art of silence.” Prishvin, Dnevniki, IX: 762–3.

245. The incident took place in summer 1937. Zaporozhets, “Iz vospominaniia,” 532–8 (the old friend, Zaporozhets’ stepfather, was Pavel Dorofeyev).

246. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, 108.

247. Pis’mennyi, “Ia iskrenne veril Stalinu . . . ,” 10.

248. Scott, Behind the Urals, 195. See also Rittersporn, “Omnipresent Conspiracy,” 112 (citing Smolensk party archives).

249. Davies, Popular Opinion, 124.

250. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 995, l. 17 (Feb. 3, 1938). “As a rule, not one operational meeting, which were called often in Rostov, took place without a grandiose drinking bout, a total debauch, lasting sometimes twenty-four hours or more,” complained one subordinate of the North Caucasus boss Yevdokimov. “There were cases when we found some operatives only on the third or fourth day somewhere in a tavern or with a prostitute.” In Kazakhstan, the predecessor of NKVD chief Vasily Karutsky had actually been removed for corruption; Karutsky, a heavy drinker, maintained a harem (his wife committed suicide). Balytsky in Ukraine cohabitated with the wives of subordinates, emulating tsarist-era lords of the manor who slept with the wives of house serfs and field hands. Tumshis, “Eshche raz o kadrakh chekistov,” 190–1 (I. Ia. Ilin); Shapoval and Zolotar’ov, Vsevolod, 268, 337; Iakovenko, Agnessa, 55. Prime objects for liaisons were the wives of those arrested who sought information about their husbands or other favors, and were given false promises.

251. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, 22–4. Shreider claims he and his wife were frequent guests at Ostrovsky’s dacha.

252. Afinogenov, Dnevniki, 481. Afinogenov had been criticized for excessively complex characters lacking obvious heroism, and in April 1937 he was expelled from the writers’ union. Despite his reprieve in 1938, his plays were mothballed. Literaturnaia gazeta, May 1, 1937; Hellbeck, “Writing the Self in the Time of Terror,” 69–93.

253. Stalin never cared for the popular front, but long-standing popular-frontists such as Dimitrov, Manuilsky, and Kuusinen survived, while anti–Popular Frontists, such as Kun, Knorin, and Pyatnitsky, were destroyed. Stalin badmouthed Manuilsky (“strictly a lightweight”) to Dimitrov, while using him to maintain surveillance on Dimitrov. Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 105 (April 26, 1939).

254. “Muzhestvo protiv bezzakoniia,” Problemy mira i sotsializma, 1989, no. 7: 89–91 (RGASPI, f. 495, op. 73, d. 60, l. 1–5). Varga was Jewish (at a time when Jews were being targeted), not a youth (at a time when long-time functionaries were targeted), and had once associated with the “renegade” Kautsky. See also Duda, Jenő Varga; Mommen, Stalin’s Economist.