Stalin полностью

180. It was said that Lyushkov had dispatched his twenty-seven-year-old wife, Nina, and their eleven-year-old adopted daughter, who needed a medical operation, to Moscow, with a secret plan for them to escape to Poland by train; to signal this plan was working, Nina was to send her regards by telegram. The telegram supposedly arrived. Whether this actually happened or was an invention by Lyushkov to put himself in a better light for having tried to save rather than abandon his family is unclear. It was also said that the Japanese used their “sources” to try to trace the fate of wife and daughter but without success; Lyushkov never saw or heard from his wife and daughter again. (His mother and sister were also arrested.) Nina was sentenced to eight years and incarcerated in a camp in Karaganda (Akmolinsk), survived, and was released in summer 1946. Coox, “L’Affaire Lyushkov,” 410; Tumshis and Papchinskii, 1937, bol’shaia chistka, 129.

181. Na prieme, 237; Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 161; Glavnyi voennyi sovet RKKA, 110n1.

182. RGANI, f. 6, op. 13, d. 102, l. 54–6 (Soviet intelligence translation of Lyushkov’s remarks); Pavliukov, Ezhov, 429–31; Iakovlev et al., Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy, 183.

183. Coox, “Lesser of Two Hells, Part 2,” 83.

184. Coox, “Lesser of Two Hells, Part 1,” 176.

185. Coox, “Lesser of Two Hells, Part 1,” 153.

186. Coox, “Lesser of Two Hells, Part 2,” 79–80, 86–8. According to Lyushkov, in March 1938, Stalin had even dispatched an envoy—known under the code name Major Yartsev—to investigate the possibility of repositioning the Pacific Fleet and bringing Sakhalin, where Japanese companies managed economic concessions, to a state of full military readiness, including the building of new air strips, which would be conspicuous. It seems that Japanese sea, air, and ground forces were to be lured to defending Southern Sakhalin. Yartsev was Boris Rybkin (see chap. 12, below).

187. Kahn, Codebreakers, 637; Goldman, “Spy Who Saved the Soviets.”

188. According to Coox, for strictly military matters the Japanese preferred the information of artillery officer Major Frontyarmar Frantsevich, of the 36th Motorized Infantry Division, who had defected to the Japanese by motor car from Outer Mongolia two weeks before Lyushkov, on May 29, 1938. Coox, “L’Affaire Lyushkov,” 418.

189. “I did not want to leave my country any more than a fish wants to leave water, but the delinquent activity of criminal people has cast me up like a fish on ice,” Orlov wrote in a letter for Yezhov and Stalin hand-delivered to the Soviet embassy in Paris after he was safely gone. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, 308–12 (letter to Yezhov from NKVD file).

190. In 1938, a book in Spanish, Espionage in Spain (Barcelona: Ediciones Unidad), was published under the name Max Rieger, a member of Spain’s Socialist party, which brought together vast incriminating materials on the POUM; it was quietly translated into Russian with a different title: Spanish Trotskyites in Franco’s Service. The secret materials had not been assembled by the rank and file leftist, but under the direction of the NKVD’s Orlov, who had assigned a journalist to write the text. POUM members were said to have been discovered in Franco’s intelligence service after the capture of a top Franco agent. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 140–1, 144.

191. According to the official historical essays on Soviet intelligence, Orlov never divulged to the West the secrets he knew. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 146n1.

192. Merritt, “Great Purges,” 500 (citing “Statistika antiarmeiskogo terrora,” Voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, 1997, no. 2: 105–12). Lyushkov told his interrogators that between July 1937 and May 1938, more than 4,000 Far Eastern Army personnel—1,200 officers and political commissars and 3,000 junior officers—were arrested, including almost all of Blyukher’s immediate subordinates. Stephan, Russian Far East, 220 (citing U.S. Army Department, “The Interrogation of Lyushkov,” frame 0982).

193. Stephan, Russian Far East, 234.

194. Kubeev, “Obrechennyi na kazn’,” 93–4; Tumshis and Papchinskii, 1937, bol’shaia chistka, 133–4; Coox, “L’Affaire Lyushkov,” 412.

195. A large-scale operation at Lake Khasan appeared in the Japanese army’s plan for 1938. Savin, “O podgotovke Iaponii k napadeniiu na SSSR.”

196. Coox, Anatomy of a Small War, 3–9; Coox, Nomonhan, 124; Ikuhiko, “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 140–57.

197. Solov’ev and Chugnuov, Pogranichnye voiska SSSR, doc. 623 (Colonel Fedotov).