110. Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters, 145–6. She recalled that “by 1937 or 1938, except for my nurse, there was no one left of the people my mother had found.” Even the long-standing head of the household staff, Karolina Til, “in spite of the fact that she’d been with us for ten years and was practically a member of the family,” was replaced by a young Georgian woman from Beria’s NKVD. “The whole staff at Zubalovo was changed, and new people whom none of us knew appeared at my father’s house in Kunstevo as well.” Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters, 143–4, 123–4.
111. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 161–76 (esp. 3, 168); Posen, Sources of Military Doctrine, 61–3; Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 13, 129; Posen, “Competing Images.” See also Christensen and Snyder, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks.”
112. Partiinoe stroitel’stvo, Oct. 1936: 3–5, July 1937: 42–44. In Aug. 1938, the apparatus streamlined recruitment procedures. Partiinoe stroitel’stvo, Aug. 1938: 63–4, Oct. 1938: 79–80.
113. RGAKFD, ed. khr. 3049, 3050, 3051.
114. XVIII s”ezd Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi partii (b), 149.
115. Kumanev and Kulikova, Protivostoianie, 224–44; Pravda, Feb. 27, 1939; Drizdo, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia.
116. Krupskaya became deathly ill the night of a pre-birthday celebration outside Moscow in Arkhangelskoe, in a narrow circle with her longtime secretary Vera Dridzo, as well as Gleb and Zinaida Kryżanowski, Dmitry Ulyanov, Felix Kon, and Mężyński’s sister Ludmila. Stalin had restrained himself from arresting Krupskaya, despite their mutual enmity, or Maria Ulyanova, both of whom continued to live in the apartment they had shared with Lenin. Lenin’s former secretaries Lidia Fotiyeva and Maria Volodicheva also went untouched. Fotiyeva (b. 1881) from 1938 was posted to the Central Lenin Museum. Pravda, Aug. 28, 1975.
117. Rodnoi Lenin (Vladimir Il’ich) i ego sem’ia: http://leninism.su/private/4131–rod noj-lenin.html?showall=&start=1.
118. Pravda, Feb. 28, 1939 (A. E. Badaev). See also Pravda, March 3, 1939; and Izvestiia, Feb. 28 and March 1, 1939.
119. Trotsky imagined that “Stalin always lived in fear of a protest on her part. She knew far too much.” New International, 5/4 (April 1939): 117. In 1937–38, at the commissariat of enlightenment, Krupskaya had received upward of 400 letters per day, mostly asking for her intercession, which she was powerless to give.
120. Zhukov, Vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie, 260.
121. Kumanev and Kulikova, Protivostoianie, 243 (citing GARF, f. upravdelami SNK SSR, otdel sekretariata, d. 4, l. 12). Nonetheless, Stalin would permit remembrance of the first anniversary of Krupskaya’s death: see the news chronicle, RGAFKFD film 1–3163.
122. XVIII s”ezd VKP (b), 10-21 marta 1939 goda: stenograficheski otchet, 175, 561; Medvedev, Let History Judge, 529. “It was the fault of the Comintern workers that they allowed themselves to be deceived by the class enemy, failed to detect his maneuvers in time, and were late in taking measures against the contamination of the Communist parties by enemy elements,” Manuilsky, a survivor, told the 18th Party Congress. Land of Socialism Today and Tomorrow, 89. In May 1939, Proskryobyshev moved to create a new department—staffed by twenty-nine people—in the special sector to handle correspondence of ordinary Soviet inhabitants with Stalin. Khlevniuk, “Letters to Stalin,” 329 (citing APRF, f. 3, op. 22, d. 65, l. 37).
123. Khlevniuk, “Economic Officials in the Great Terror,” 57.
124. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, II/ii: 52–3; Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 351 (RGASPI, f. 477, op. 1, d. 41, l. 62–83, 143–4; f. 17, op. 2, d. 773, l. 128); Khlevniuk, “Objectives of the Great Terror,” 170; Davies, “Soviet Economy,” 11–38 (at 31).
125. Whereas between 1918 and 1928 the USSR had graduated an average of just 46,000 new specialists per year, the number would climb to 335,000 per annum in the period 1938–41, which would give the Soviet Union nearly 1 million specialists with (some form of) higher education as of Dec. 31, 1940. Unger, “Stalin’s Renewal.”
126. Pravda-5, 1995, no. 1: 8 (Chuev via Mgeladze).
