297. Volobuev and Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, 157; Rayfield, Stalin and His Hangmen, 22 (citing Pravda, Dec. 21, 1994). Before the revolution, of Bogdanov’s critique of Lenin (which continued to circulate underground into the 1930s), Stalin had written privately in a letter, “How do you like Bogdanov’s new book? In my opinion some of Ilich’s blunders are very tellingly and correctly noted. It is also correctly pointed out that Ilich’s materialism differs in many ways from that of Plekhanov, which in spite of the demands of logic (and for the sake of diplomacy?) Ilich tries to cover over.” Dubinskii-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, 92–3, n1. Stalin also wrote something similar in a letter to Mikho Tskhkaya: Istoriia KPSS, 6 vols. (Moscow: Politizdat, 1967), II: 272.
298. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 257–63. Van Ree, Political Thought, 107–8.
299. Jasny, Soviet Economy, 418; Allen, Farm to Factory, 107–8. Some 77 percent of Soviet camp inmates at this time were ethnic Russians or Ukrainians.
300. Afanas’ev et al., Istoriia Stalinskogo Gulaga, 158 (RGANI f. 89, op. 73, d. 3, l. 1–2). A “labor day” was worth nothing in 15,700 out of 240,000 collective farms. Hosking, First Socialist Society, 169.
301. Khlevniuk et al., Stalinskoe politbiuro, 171–2 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 25, l. 156; f. 17, op. 3, d. 1015, l. 30; f. 17, op. 3, d. 1016, l. 33; f. 17, 163, d. 1237, l. 223–4); Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, 242–4.
302. Fel’shtinskii, SSSR-Germaniia, I: 103–4; Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 102; Ulam, Stalin, 515. Warsaw fell on Sept. 26.
303. “Upon his arrival in Moscow, von Ribbentrop was welcomed by a group of Soviet officials and by Count Schulenburg,” wrote Herwarth. “I was standing next to Gebhardt von Walther,” who “seized my arm and pointed to a group of Gestapo agents who warmly greeted their counterparts from the NKVD.” Herwarth, Against Two Evils, 165.
304. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 606–17n226 (translation of Hilger’s official record, discovered in Schulenburg’s papers in 1990); in German in Fleischhauer, “Der Deutsch-sowjetische Grenz- und Freundschaftsvertrag vom 28 September 1939.”
305. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 611, 614–5.
306. The pact with Estonia was printed the day after next (Izvestiia, Sept. 29, 1939), without the confidential protocol: Polpredy soobshchaiut, 62–4 (AVP RF, f. 03a Estoniia, d. 010).
307. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 614.
308. Nevezhin, Zastol’nye, 223–7.
309. Fleischhauer, “Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact”; Chuev, Kaganovich, Shepilov, 118; Chuev, Sto sorok, 19, 24; Chuev, Tak gorovril Kaganovich, 90; Hilger and Meyer, Incompatible Allies, 313–4.
310. Davlekamova, Galina Ulanova.
311. Mel’tiukhov, Upushchennyi shans Stalina, 179–80; Ilmjärv, Silent Submission, 365; Kuromiya, Stalin, 143; Izvestiia, Sept. 29, 1939. Already on Sept. 27, before seeing Ribbentrop inside the Kremlin, the Estonians had noticed a big airplane with a swastika at the Soviet aerodrome at Velikie luki. Rei, Drama of the Baltic Peoples, 264.
312. Bezymenskii, Gitler i Stalin, 309; Sommer, Das Memorandum; Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 103–7; Fleischhauer, “Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact”; Kaslas, “Lithuanian Strip.”
313. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 616–7.
314. Hilger and Meyer, Incompatible Allies, 304–5. Apparently, Stalin promised to come to Germany’s aid if it fell into difficulties, a remark that appears to have stunned Ribbentrop. Stalin: “The fact is that for the time being Germany does not need foreign help, and it is possible that in the future they will not need foreign help either. But if, against all expectations, Germany finds itself in a difficult situation, then she can be sure that the Soviet people will come to Germany’s aid and will not allow Germany to be suppressed.” Zhilin, O voine, 185; Fleischhauer, “Der deutsch-sowjetisch Grenz- und Freundschaftsvertrag,” 457–64.
315. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 267–8; DGFP, series D, VII: 92, 105, 109, 130. The “General Gouvernement for the occupied Polish territories” was proclaimed on Oct. 8, 1939.
316. Ribbentrop, Memoirs, 129–32 (at 132). Ribbentrop would call the Soviets old party comrades to Mussolini on March 10, 1941. DGFP, series D, VIII: 886. See also Dallin, Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy, 76–7.
