257. Pravda, Sept. 18, 1939; Izvestiia, Sept. 18, 1939, in Tisminets, Vneshniaia politika SSSR, IV: 446–8; New York Times, Sept. 18, 1939: 5. Zhdanov had written in Pravda (Sept. 14, 1939) that the Polish state was collapsing because of its repression of Ukrainian and Belorussian national minorities, which he blamed on the Polish bourgeoisie, capitalists, and landowners.
258. Zaloga and Madej, Polish Campaign, 131–8.
259. Kuznetsov, Krutye povoroty, 47.
260. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 86–7.
261. “Itinerar Hitlers vom 1.9.1939–31.12.1941,” in Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, 659–98 (at 660–1); Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 205.
262. DGFP, series D, VIII: 92.
263. DGFP, series D, VIII: 104–5; Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 55. On Sept. 20, having received assurances from Berlin, both Schulenburg and Köstring separately offered assurances to Soviet officials.
264. RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 62. Soon, rumors would spread of additional clashes. “In town there is more and more talk about the Russians returning and about battles between German and Soviet troops somewhere along the Bug River and other locations,” Dr. Zygmunt Klukowski recorded in his diary (Oct. 15, 1939). “Sorry to say, but some citizens are as equally brutal as the Germans toward the Jews.” Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 41–2.
265. Wheeler-Bennett, “From Brest-Litovsk to Brest-Litovsk.”
266. Domarus, Hitler: Reden, III: 1354–66 (Hitler’s Danzig speech).
267. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 28–9 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 924, d. 2027, l. 19–20: Shkvartsev to Molotov, Sept. 5, 1939).
268. RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–3.
269. Molotov did allow that Germany might claim the Suwałki triangle (between East Prussia and Lithuania), except for Augustovo. Rossi, Deux ans, 75n1, 75–6n1 (Schulenburg to Ribbentrop, Sept. 20, 1939); Rossi, Russo-German Alliance, 62–3 (citing a telephone message from Ribbentrop to Köstring and a telegram from Schulenburg to Berlin, neither published in Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations).
270. Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny (2004), 496–7 (RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–1); Teske, General Ernst Köstring, 176ff.
271. “Itinerar Hitlers vom 1.9.1939–31.12.1941,” in Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, 661.
272. Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny, (2001), 303–350, (2004), 463–92; Erickson, “Red Army’s March,” 18–20; Włodarkiewicz, Lwów. Fifteen thousand Lvov defenders (1,000 of them officers) were taken prisoner; many would not survive captivity.
273. Krivoshein, Mezhdubur’e, 234–9; Schmidt-Scheeder, Reporter der Hölle, 101; Deutscher Allgemeine Zeitung, Sept. 25, 1939.
274. Guderian, Vospominaniia soldata, 105.
275. Halder, Halder Diaries, I: 85–6 (Sept. 20, 1939); Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny (2001), 319–23, 326–33 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–5); Nekrich, Pariahs, 130–2.
276. Back in 1934, Stalin’s ambassador to Poland (Yakov Davtyan) had confided in the American ambassador his “doubt concerning the capacity of Poland to exist as an independent nation”—a widely held Soviet prejudice. The next year, Piłsudski, dictator of Poland, had died. “Piłsudski is the entire Poland,” Radek claimed he had heard Stalin say. Kuromiya, “Stalin’s Great Terror,” 8 (citing Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, I.303.4.3158, 235).
277. Wańkowicz, Po klęsce, 612.
278. Pikhoia and Gieysztor, Katyn’: plenniki, 77 (RGVA, f. 35084, op. 1, d. 8, l. 168), 78–83 (Tsentr khraneniia istoriko-dokumental’nykh kollektsii, f. 1/p, op. 1a, d. 1, l. 1–9), 89–92 (l. 63–7), 92–5 (op. 1e, d. 1, l. 17–18), 114–8 (APRF, f. 3 op. 5, d. 614, l. 228–30), and 118–9 (APRF, f. 3, op. 50, d. 410, l. 148–9).
279. Freidländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, I: 267–8; Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 467–9; Melzer, No Way Out, 22, 43, 91; Milton, “Expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany”; Heller, On the Edge of Destruction.
280. Buell, Poland, 307 (General Stanisław Skwarczyński).
281. Westermann, Hitler’s Police Battalions, 124–8; Madajczyk, Die Okkupationspolitik Nazi-Deutschlands, 19–20.
282. Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 41ff.
283. Fritzsche, Life and Death.
284. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 48.
